Professional Documents
Culture Documents
.
7.5
.
"
" " "" .
.
4
.
4 .........................................................................................................................................
- 4 ...........................................................................................................
6 .....................................................................................................
7 .............................................................................................
10 ....................................................................................................
. -
14
14 ...................................................................................................................................................
14 .........................................................................................................................
- 14 .............................................................................................................
16 ...................................................................................................................
16 ........................................................................................................................................
17 ..........................................................................................................................
21 .......................................................................................................................
23
23 ...................................................................................................................................................
28 ................................................................................................
32 .............................................................................................
35 ...................................................................................................
37 .................................................................................................
38 ...................................................................................................
41 .............................................................................................................
42 ......................................................................................................
47 ...................................................................................
49 ........................................................................................
50 ...................................................................................
51 ..................................................................................................
53 ..............................................................................
55 ..........................................................................................................
56 ................................................................................................................................
, 58 ................................................................................
58 .................................................................................................................
59 ................................................................................................................................
" ) , ( 60........................................................................................
61 .................................................................................................................................
63
' :
65
' : )( "
80
.1
"
" ) ," , .(1
.2
"" . ,
,
. "" ""
.
.3
,
, .
.4
,
. .
.5
:
.
, .
-
.6
.7
4 - :
.
) (.
.8
.9
.1
1202 . .7.5 -
) (
306.1033 -
" , ,
.
) ( 80 -
.6.3 1957 ,
, .7
.
, .
, .
,
" )
"
" "( . ,
) , , ,
, '(.
,
: , , .
: ,
.
) , (
. .
seismic moment :
) ,(MO .(MW) moment magnitude-
. ,
, .
) (Intensity MMI
) .(Modified Mercalli Intensity 26 ' .18
.10
:
, , .
.
, .
,
:
.11
,
.
,
. ""
.
,
/ . ,
,
.
, .
.
: , ,
, , ) ,
'(.
.12
)
( . ,
" " ) (.
, ,
.
.13
" ,
, ,
, , , ,
.
.14
,
"" ) ( . ,
, .2 ,
, . ,
, .
".
.15
. :
.
, .
, ,
" " , ,
. ,
,
; , , )
( ,
.
, -
, : ,
,
, . ,
,
.
"" , .
"" ,
.
.16
:
) (
, ,
" " , ,
.
, :
.
(.1
,
,
) , ( . :
) ,
(
.
: ,
) ,
( . ,
) (
10,000 ,
20-30 ) (,
.0.2-0.3%
(.2
, ,
,
. ,
"".
(.3
,
, ,-
,
"" ,
) ,
(.
, )
( -
, .
,
) (
.
, " " ,
.
, :
(.1
" "
. , 100 )
( ,
) 20-30 , (
!! 18%-26% -
, .
.17
(.2
,
, .
(.3
"" , :
.
)
( , ,
. "
, ," ,
" " .
,
,
. ,
,
.
10
.18
, :
.
"" ) (;
- , -;
"".
.19
: "" )
, ( "-
" ) , (.
.20
"" "-"
,
. , "
" ,
,
) ,
, , ""
, :
(.
.21
:
, .
.
.22
:
.
) (;
) (;
) ;( After Shocks.
.23
- .
.
.24
- .
) (
" . ""
11
, .
" , :
.
;3
(.1
(.2
(.3
(.4
(.5
(.6
(.7
(.8
:; ;
; .
.25
- , , .
) (
. ,
,
); ( , "" .
.4
.26
,
) (intensity . , ,Mercalli
"" ) ,(Refugees
. "" ,
"" . "
" ,
) (.
" ' 1 "" """ :
" ) .(2
12
, .
"".5
.27
""
, .intensity - , intensity - 3% ,10
, 10% - ) 80% ,(6 18% -
) 45%( , 26% - ) 20%
( , .
.28
) ( ""
. , 1% ,80%
4% , 30% , ,
)
"" ; ,
, ,
,"(.
.29
.
" " ) "(
- . ,
,
, ,
, , ,
,
, .
.30
, .
,
.
"" ,
. ,
, .
" , .damage factor
, ) (Dollar loss
) (replacement value . 80% 80%
. ,
.
13
.31
, ,
".
14
.1
.
" " , .
.2
-
.
.3
,
.
, 3 , 3 - ,
"" . :
.
; .7-7.5
; .7-7.5
. .6-6.5
.4
"" .
.5
" , ""
, .
-
.6
1 .
.
.7
)
' :(27
.
,
.
) Serious injuries were defined as ,27
.("those requiring hospitalization ,
15
) ( 5%- -
10% .
.
,27
,
.
, , ,
.7
- X% " ,
.damage factor ,
) (Dollar loss )(replacement value
. :
DollarLoss
Re placementValue
= ) DamageFactor( DF
, 80% 80%
.
.
"" - 8
) (
.
100% ,80%
,45% 10% - .20%
,
.
32% 60% 26% - 95% . ,
" ,
. 10,000 - .
, "" ) ,(Refugees
. "" ,
"" .
16
:1
7-7.5
7-7.5
6-6.5
7,500-16,000
1,500-10,500
3,000-10,000
5,000-10,000
2,500-6,000
800-4,000
1,200-4,000
11,000-22,000
37,000-83,000
8,000-53,000
17,000-53,000
170,000-377,000
37,000-240,000
84,000-243,000
115,000-230,000
5,000-10,000
1,000-5,000
2,000-5,000
3,700-7,800
10,000-20,000
2,000-10,000
3,000-11,000
47,000-104,000
10,000-56,000
19,000-49,000
11,000-28,000
.8
.9
:
.
6
"" .
;1:3 , ) (10%
. , ""
. ""
"" ,
) ,
.(5%-10% -
, ,
. ""
"" " : "
; " ) "80%
""( " " , ,
; " "20%-45%
" " ,
.
, , . 0.5
2 , .
17
.10
:
.
, .
" , , , ,
, , ,' . ,
.
/ .
.11
7.5 "
. , ,
, )
, ( . ,
7.5 ,
) (.
.12
:
.
7.5 .
) (aftershocks
, .9
.13
, ,
. ,
,
.
.14
- .
) (intensity - .
, 6-8.
18
.15
' :2
7.5
16,000
6,000
83,000
377,000
10,000
20,000
104,000
.16
, ""
) , , ,"( .
"" ,
.
.17
: .
" " ,
" ) , ( .
, '.
.18
, - 6.5 .
19
,7.5
) 16,000 -(
20
,6.5
) 10,000 -(
21
, .
,
,
. 3,600 -
.19
:
. , ,
,
, .
.20
. :
/ , )
, , ,'(
/.
.21
, . 5% -
, ,10 5% -
) 11 ( ,
,
. ,
) ( ,
.
.22
3 " .
'.
10
11
, 5% .
, 15% - .
22
' :3
7.5
7.5
6.5
, -
5%
37
12
5% -
339
30
86
"
37
11
5% ,
5,000 )
25,000(
0
0
5
)(2
24
)(9
.23
.24
:
.
, 5% -
, 5% -.
25,000 - "
: , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , .
, 7.5 5000-.
,
, ) " "
(:
.
.
.
23
.1
":
.
, , .
,
,
.
.2
- .
; , , ,
, .
.3
.4
:1985
12
8.1 . 350" .
) ( 10,000 - , 30,000 -.
100,000 - . 2,000,000 -
.
10 - .12
, .
, .
24
' :4 -1985 ,
3 , 281
) ( .
137 , 301 .
14 ) (5% , 46 ) (16%.
117 , 2,800
.
45% .
40% .
10% .
40% - .
.5
:1988
.
6.9 , .
25,000 - , 30,000 -.
530,000 - . 1,100,000 -
.
20 - .
25
' :5 1988 ,
84 .
83 88 - .
, .
13
,
.
, .
" .
.
60% - 16; 80% - ;
100% - 25.
, . 3
.
, .
19.
13
] 250,000[ .
26
.6
:1995
7.2 . Kobe .Hyogo
.
.
300,000 - . 1,500,000 -
.
130 - .
.
' :6 1995 ,
14
) 4 180 ( . 4 .
, 50% - 1,810 - .
440 ) (.
180 7 , 8-14.
16
226,000 6.
500' . 9-11.
, / .
, , 9-16
.
16% )
(.
9 .
240 ) , 6 - ( . 500 -
135 - . .
146
14
15
16
, 1,400,000 -.
] Kobe Municipal West Civic Hospital 7[ .
" 2,836 - , 12,700.
64 21 - ; 20 10 - .
. . ,
, 50 112 - .
27
.7
:1999
.
7.7 .
82,000 - , 600,000 -
.
14 - .
' :7 / 1999 ,
5,000 , 8,000 - , 70,000
.
2,000 - ,
.
4,375 165 -.
. :"
10% - .
) (.
.
,
. .
.
10% , .
.
28
.8
, :
.9
4 - "
. 4 ""
, ".
)
, ,(.
17
" RADIUS
.
.10
)
( , ,
. ,
, .
.11
,
:
17
, , ,' . ,
)
( , )
( ,'.
, ,
) ,
, , ,'(.
RADIUS - Risk Assessment Tools for Diagnosis of Urban Areas Against Seismic Disasters
1997 140 - " , International ) IDNDR
.(Decade For Natural Disaster Reduction
50 - ,
, .
29
.12
,
,
, .
.13
:
.
10
.
,
.
, .
.14
,
.
) ( ,
. ,
.
.15
) ( , , .
.16
, , .
, ,
, . ,
, , ,,
, .
.17
, , "" .
.
.18
:
.
,
. , ,
.
30
.19
. ,
) , (
.
) (intensity - .18
"" . 8
, "".
' :8
%
VIII
IX
XI
30%
14%
3%
1%
0.5
40%
30%
10%
3%
16%
24%
30%
10%
20
8%
16%
26%
30%
45
3%
10%
18%
30%
80
2%
4%
10%
18%
100
1%
2%
3%
8%
6%
16%
31%
56%
.20
18
"" ) 6% ,16% ,31% ,56% ,8 ,9 ,10 ,11( .
,
31
.21
RADIUS
.
, 15%-50% ,8%-25% ,4%-15% ,1%-8%
) (intensities 10 ,9 ,8 ,7.
.22
" .
.23
,
,19
RADIUS .
, 12 ,4 ,1 ,0.5 "
) (intensities 10 ,9 ,8 ,7 .
" ".
.24
,
. .
"
.25
19
. :
.
) (.
,
.
, .
, ,
.
3 "" " ,
.
) (.
32
.26
, , 25%
50" , 5% .
, , " .
.27
,
.
.28
, " "",
.
.29
,
. :
.
/ ;
/ ;
.30
.31
:
.
) , ,
, ,( ,
.
) ( ,
,
.
, .
, .
, ) (intensity -
"" . ,
7.5 ,
33
) 6.5 ,
(:
.
.(8) 11
.(6) 10
.(11) 8
.(9) 10
.(8) 8
.(7) 8
: ,
"" .8
.32
,
"" ,20
21.
.33
, ,
, ,
, ," . ,
8 75% , .
, :,
, . .
.34
, :
20
3 , 28%
. . 84
)" " (.
) 1984 - ,5.2 (
.
, , ,
. ""
, ,
. ,
, ,
.
34
.35
21
, ,
, ,
.
, :21
.
75% , 70% - .
70% , 50% - .
20% , 45%
, 40% .
, 20% ,
30% , 30% .
25% , 20% - .
)( ,
10%-20% , 10% - .
, ) ,
, , '(
.
25% ,
. , " .
,
, , ) ( ' .
, , , ,'.
35
.36
:
.
) ( , ,
, .
.22
,
, . ,
,
.
, .
,
.
, .
.37
, .
.38
, RADIUS 12 ,4 ,1 ,0.5
" ) (intensities 10 ,9 ,8 ,7.
.39
.40
22
,
:
, .
36
.41
117 ,-
2,800 , 25%
. 45% - .
,
.
.
, :
.
40 ) 15 -"
9-10( , 20
) 40 -" , , .(8-9
, .
500 , )
10(.
500 --
) .(9
150 " )
.(8-9
200 )
,(8 20 .
6 , , ,,
10 , , 10 ,
.
40 -- ) -
100 (.
10 ) 30 -
"(.
37
12 , .
, 25% ,
. , "
.
:
(.1 , 50% , 20% -
-
,
, .
(.2 5% - -
, - .
.
(.3
(.4 10 -"
, .
.42
.43
.44
:
.
) , , '(.
) , ,( .
:
.
) , ,'(.
"
, ) 20(.
38
.45
.46
:
.
137 , .301
83 88 - .
440 ) (.
:
.
80% , ,
10" .
30% , .
35% ,
-- ) (.
15% ,
- .
25% , 10% -
.
.47
,
20 -" .
. , ,
.
.48
250 -".
:
.49
, , ;
, ) ( 100 -":
.
39
.50
.51
.52
" .
:
.
, ,
, , ,
.
:
.
" , .
, "".
:
.
, ,
, .
, .
) ( ,
.
"
, ,
, ,.
.53
.54
) , ,
( . .
40
.55
, ,,
10 " RADIUS ) RADIUS ,0.5
12 ,4 ,1 " 10 ,9 ,8 ,7(.
.56
, ,
. .
.57
:
.
20 " .
60 " .
20 , 20 -
.
10 .
7 ".
2 : 4 , 5 ,
1 , .
6 4 , 6 ,
, 4 - , .
6 ,
.
3 - " .
10% - , 40%
"".
10% "" -
.
41
25% , ,
, 10%.
:
(.1
.
(.2 " ,
, , )
(.
(.3 20% -
.
(.4
(.5
, .
(.6
.58
, )"( .
) (.
.59
, ) (
,
. ,
.
.60
) ,(2003
. -
. , .
42
.61
" : ) - ,
( , ) ,
/ ( . .
.62
, ) ( ,
) 8
,6 .(9
.
.63
, .8-9
, , )
( . , ) (
" . , .
.64
,
. , . ,
)"
( , .
.65
. ,
) ,
(.
.66
, , . ,
, " , .
.67
, " , "
.
.68
) ( ,
)" "( , ) ,400 (
) (.
.69
, 20 -" .
, ,
, .
43
.70
, , .
, ,
.
.71
.
, ) (intensity ,8
, .23 ,
, .
.72
,
.8 .
/ ,
) (.
.73
, .9
, , .
.74
" " :
.
5"/" ) , , , , ( .
10.
30 -"/" ,
.9
50 -"/" - ,
.8
.75
"/" "/"
, , , ,
.
.76
400 - .
)" ( , " )' 40 -
" ( ." 400 - .
23
.
, .
, , ,
.
44
.77
, : "
) 160"( , 100 -" 10 , "
.
.78
, ,
) ( ,
.
.79
:
.
)
( .
. ,
.
) ,,
'( . ,
, .
.80
. ,
)
" ( . ,
,
,
.
.81
, :
.
, 40% -
.
, ,
. , 80% -
;
) (.
, 2.6 -
. 12,700 - 9,000 - . 64
21 - , 20 10 - . ,
50% - , 30%
24 . )
( .
45
.82
,
," .
.
,
. ,
,
7.5 .
46
.83
:
.
.
.
.
,
.
4 400 " 2 , 400
" , 2 400 .
"/" , , ,
) ( .
3 -" ) , (
, 6" 6 -"
.
10 10 ,
, 5 - ,
.
30 , , ,,
, , 50 , , 50 - 25 -
.
50 ".
,
) ( ,
, , .
25%
10% - ,
10%.
":
(.1 ) ( 4.
, ,
. , , , ,
, 4 - , , 2 - ,10% -
) , (.
(.2 8
) (.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
47
.84
, .
, .
.85
, . ,
.
.86
,
,
.
.87
. , -
25 , .
) , , ,
( , .
.88
) ( .
,
.
.89
.
.
.90
,
,
. . , ,
. .
.91
.92
:
.
40% - .
.
, ,
.
500 )
( 9 . . ,
48
,/ .
, .
.
.93
.94
45" , 400"
) ( .
) 10% - (
) , (.
:
.
,
. ,
, ,.
) ( )
( 10-30 .
,
10-30 .
, , 20
, 20
.
50 - , 20 -
, 20 - , 10 - .
" ,
" .
. .
20% , , .
,
. , ,
, ,
, .
49
)
( ,
, .
.95
,
, ,
; ; ;
.
.96
:
.
20 - ,
, 10-100 .
2 - ,.
) ( .
.
.97
, .
, 2 : , ,
, . .
.98
.
, .
.99
900 - ) ( , 1,600 -
) ( , 600 - ) ( , 300 -
) ( .
.100
. ,
, .
.101
: .
" .
50
.102
, .8 ,
, ) (intensity .10-11
, 20% 20% - . ,
.
.103
, 240 ,
, 8 - .
.104
:
.
50 4 : ,
6 3 , ,
.
" ,
.
, .
, , .
" , 50% -
.
.105
,
. .
.106
.
,"
, .
, .
.107
,
)" , ,( .
" .
.108
, " ,
.
51
.109
:
.
30/
. ,
. ,
.
, 15% - .
. .
, " " .
.110
:
)( .
, )"( ,
-.
, ,
.
) , ,"(
, , ,'.
, - ,
.
: , , ,
'.
.111
:
" ,
.
,
.
.
52
,
, .
) ( .
.
, .
, ,
.
.112
.
. ,
, .
.113
)"( , "
.
.114
,
- , .
,
- .
.115
:
,
, .
,
) ( . ,
.
,
:
, , ,
, .
, """ ," ,
" " ,
"" " ".
53
.116
, :
70% , 95% - ".
, .
226,000 .
.117
,
, ) (
, .
.118
:
.
25% - , 25%
, , , , ,
, 25 .
5% - 3%
".
1% - 1%
.
30 , , ,,
, , 50 , , 50 - 25 -
, ) , ,'(.
50 " ,
5% - , , .
25% - ,
.
25%
. 15% , .
":
(.1 " )
( 8 . ,
" , .
, , , , 3 , , ,
54
2 10% -
" .
(.2
" , " .
(.3 " 8
) (.
(.4
36 ,
25% - ) (.
, .
(.5
) ( ".
(.6
.119
: ,
, )(.
.120
, ,
, . ,
, ,
, .
.121
, ,
, .
.
.122
.123
, , .
.
, .
) (.
.124
, ,
.
55
.125
:
.
250 , ) 25 -"
10(.
250 --
) .(9
90 " )
.(8-9
90 )
,(8 30 .
15% - " , .
15 - , 8 - 8 -
" , .
4 .
.126
: , .
.127
) ( . ,
.
.
.128
, .
.129
, . ,
.
.130
, ,
/ .
, .
56
.131
:
.
/ 20% .
/ 20% ,
, 10%
" - .
.132
. )
, ( .
)"( , .
.133
" )
( . : ,
" " , ,
, .
.134
" :
.
"
, " .
" ,
" .
/ ".
.135
" ,
. " ,
, ,
) , ,
, (.
.136
, , :
; "
; '.
57
.137
, " "
. "
) : " ;
" ( . " ),
( .
.138
:
.
" ) , ,
( .
" " .
, "
) ,
, ,
(.
.139
, 25 - " ,
" .
.140
: " ,
, . .
,
, .
.141
:
.
" .
":
(.1 . , 500 -
72 - .
(.2
(.3
" .
58
,
.142
,
. : )
, ( , , ,
) , ,( , , ,.
.143
, , .
" . ,
.
.144
.145
:
.
/ 20% ,
--.
--
30% - - .
3,000 .
/ 2%
- .
20% ) ,
, " , ,( ,
," .
.146
, .
:
.
, ,
. ,
.
, , , ,
) , , , , (.
59
.147
, .
:
.
80% 50% ,
-- , 20% -
.
.
15% -
.
.148
, ,
, , . .
.149
.150
, ,
.
, , .
) , ,'(.
10 50 - . 80 -
,9
.8
60
.151
:
.
70 - 60 - ,
, . 20 .
30%
//.
" ) , (
.152
:
.
,
.
,
.
, ,
,
, ) , ,'(,
, .
, )
( .
, ,
" .
61
.153
":
.
, 14,000 - . 9,000 .
100-200.
, .
30,000 - ,
.
" 400,000 ) ( . :
(.1
150,000 .24
(.2
150,000 , ) (.
100,000 (.3 , )
50% , ( ,
. .
.
) ( 25,000 ,
) 20,000 5,000 - (
.
50,000 , " ,
, , .
10%
. .
.154
..
24
" , , 63,000 - .
, ," 3 ,
" ) , , , ,,
,"( , 2 "
) ( , 1.5 "
) (.
" 15,000 - ) , ( ,
20,000 ) , , ( , 40,000 )
, , , ( , " 15,000 , 35,000
, 25,000 ) , , (.
62
"
.155
.
" , ".
.156
,
, ,
, , , ," . ,
.
.157
,
.
.158
:
.
" ) ,
(.
) , "
, ;
, ,
(.
.159
" '.
.160
"" 15%
30%"" , 4,500 : 350 , 42,000 ,
.
.161
:
.
15,000 .
4,000 , .
63
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
" " ,
" , .2001
.8
.9
.10
, , .2002
.11
.12
earthquake
Chi-Chi
.13
The 1999 Taiwan earthquake damage to critical facilities", Tsu T. Soong and
George C. Yao
.14
.15
.16
.17
64
.18
Understanding urban seismic risk around the world a final report on the
comparative study", A project of the United Nations RADIUS Initiative,
December 1999.
.19
.A simplified tool for earthquake damag estimation", Oyo Group, Japan, 8/2000
.20
Final report from BRGM for the Region Africa/the Middle East/Eastern Europe
(Addis Ababa, Izmir and Skopje)", International Decade for Natural Disasters
Reduction (IDNDR), RADIUS Project, 15 September 1999.
.21
.22
.23
Earthquake
effects
in
Kobe,
Japan",
http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/100/effects-kobe.html
.24
.25
.26
.27