' -

' - , , ,

" -
' " " - "
" .

 "

-2-

'
'

4 ........................................................................
4 ............................................................
5 ............................................................................
6 .......................................................................................
7 ...............................................................................................
9 ...............................................................................................

12 ............................................................................
12 ........................................................................................
12 ......................................................................................................
12 .............................................................................................................
13 ............................................................................................................... :
15 ..........................................................................................................................
17 ................................................................................................................

19 .........................................................
20 ................................................................................... :
24 .....................................................................................
25 .................................................................................
27 ...............................................................................

, 29 ........................................................................
29 ...................................................................................
29 .......................................................................................
33 ....................................................................................................................
33 .................................................................................................... :
34 ............................................................................................................... :

35 .................................................................................. :
40 ....................................................................................................................
43 ..........................................................................................

45 ...............................................................................................
48 ................................................................................................

 "

-3-

'
'

49 ...............................................................................
50 .......................................................................................................... :
52 ...................................................................
54 .........................................................................................

56 ...........................................................................................................
57 ................................................................................. :
58 .............................................................................................

59 ........................................................................................
60 .................................................................................:
62 .....................................................................
3- , 64 .......................................................
" 66 ......................................................................................
69 ................................................................................................. :

 "

'

-4-

'

) (Vector . : .

r
A

A ,B
. A B- B .A-

A B- , .
: , . .
) (Scalar : , , , .
: , , .
:
.
r r
. A B - .

r
A
r
B

.
, ).(Bold

A .B
r
. a" B
r
r
a
.C . b C
r
A- ,C- . c
r
r r r
c
A
c = a + b :
r
r
. , b a
r
r
r
c a . b
r
r
r
a a , a - :
r
r
r
r r
, a + ( a ) = 0 a a 0
r
. 0 -
r
b

 "

'

-5-

'

r
r
r r
a + a a . a
r
, c a : c

- ) c( ) c(.
r
r r r
. a b = a + (b ) :

:
. )(:
r r r r
a+b =b +a
:
r r
a + b .-
, .

r
b

r
a

r r
a b

r
a

r
b

:
,
" .
. ,
r r
r r
a b . b a
r r
b +c
. )(:
r
r r r
b , a . c - .
b
r
a
r r
a +b
:
r
.:
c
r r r
a+b +c
) c (
r r
ca = a c
.:
r
r
c (da ) = (cd )a
. )( :1
r
r
r
(c + d )a = ca + da

 "

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-6-

'

. )( :2
r
r
r
c(a + b) = ca + cb
r
r
a a - . a -
r
a .
r
r
, . a a - . a = aar

z
. x, y , z
, ,
r
a

x , y
. z ,
.

r
az

r
ay

r
axy

" , " .
r
. a

r
ax
x

, - . z , xy -
r
r
az. axy -

r r r
a = az + axy

r
r r
axy = ax + a y

r
axy xy -

":
r
, a ,

r r r r
a = ax + a y + az

) i : ) j ,( x ( y) k - ( z
:
:

r
r
r
ax = axi a y = a y j az = az k
r
r
a = axi + a y j + az k

r
a

) (ax , a y , az

 "

'

-7-

'

ax

ay
a
z

.
:

r r
= )a + b = (axi + a y j + az k) + (bxi + by j + bz k
= (ax + bx )i + (a y + by ) j + (az + bz )k
, :
r
ca = c(axi + a y j + az k) = (cax )i + (ca y ) j + (caz )k

" :
r2 r 2 r 2 r 2 r 2 r 2
2
2
2
a = az + axy = az + ax + a y = ax + a y + az

r
2
2
2
) a = (ax + a y + az

- .
- .
. .
- . ,
- . :
, -
-.

r
r
a b - :

r
a
r r r r
a b = a b cos

r
. b -

r
b

r
) (180 - a
r r
r r
, ) a b ( = 0) 0- ( = 2k a b -

) ( k = 0,1,2....n ) .( = k

 "

'

-8-

'

, :
r r r
r2
. a a = a2 = a
dot-product
:
.:
r r r r
) a b = b a " (.
r r r r r r
) (a b ) c a (b c ) : , ,
, (.
.:
r r r
r r r r
a (b + c ) = a b + a c
r
r
r
a b . a b a
r
r
r
b b . a -
r
r r
r
r
r
a c

(
b
a c , c , a ) + c

r r
r
b + c . a
r r
r
r
, a (b + c ) = a b + a c -

r
c

r
b

r r
b +c

r
a b

r r
a b + c

r
, a

.
. :
r
r r
r r r
r r
c(a b ) = (ca ) b = a (cb ) = (a b )c
.
r r r r
r r r r r r r r
(a + b ) (c + d ) = a c + a d + b c + b d : :

r r2 r
r r r
, a + b = a 2 + 2a b + b 2 = a 2 + 2ab cos + b 2

:
r r2
, a + b = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos = a 2 + b 2 + 2ab cos

r
b

. + .

r
a

r r
a +b

:
r r
a b = (axi + a y j + az k)(bxi + by j + bz k) = axbx + a y by + a z bz

 "

'

-9-

'

i i = j j = k k = 1 i j = i k = j k = 0

r r
r r r r
a b - . c = a b : c
r r
r r r
, c = a b sin : ) ( 180 - a , b -
r r
. a , b - " ,
r
r
r
a - , b - . c
r r
= 0 . = , a b -
r
- , - . c
r r
r r
r
c , a b - . . a a = 0 :
r r
r
, c a , b -
r
r r r
b sin a b . a - .cross-product
:
. :

r
r r
r r
, - , a b = b a : : b --
r
, a .
r r r
r r r
, . a (b c ) (a b ) c :
.:
r
r
r
r r r r
a (b + c ) = a b + a c

r r
r
c b - , a -
r
r r r
) a (b + c
. a -
r
r
a b
r
a - , .,
r
c
r
r r
a b a b
r
b - 90 - .
r
r r
a c a c
r r
r
c - 90 - . - . b + c
r r
ac

r
b
r r
b c

-10-

"

'
'

r r
r r
c , b , b + c
r r
r r r
90 , a - ) a (b + c a b-
r r r
r r r r
r r
a c . a (b + c ) = a b + a c :
r
r
r
r
r
b c - . a - b a -
r r r r
. b = b + b|| : a -
r
r r
r
b , a - , b = b cos : a b , ab sin
r
r
r r
r
r
r r
, a b a b a , b - a b -
r r
r r
r r
a b - , a b . a b
r r
r r
:
a b = a b
r r
r r
:
a c = a c
r r r
r r r
:
) a (b + c ) = a (b + c
r r
r r
:
(b + c ) = b + c
r r r
r r r
r r r r
r r r r
:
a (b + c ) = a (b + c ) = a b + a c = a b + a c
.
. :
r
r
r
r r r
r r
c (a b ) = (ca ) b = a (cb ) = (a b )c
. :
i i = j j = k k = 0
i j = k
j k = i
k i = j

:
r
r
= )a b = (a x i + a y j + az k) (bxi + by j + bz k
= =a x by k a x by j a ybx k + a ybz i + az bx j az byi
= (a ybz az by )i + (az bx axbz ) j + (axby a ybx )k

 "

-11-

'

'

k
az

j
ay

i
r r
a b = ax

bz

by

bx

r r r r r r
r r r
) a (b c ) = b (a c ) c (a b
r r r r r r r r r
) (a b ) c = b (a c ) a (b c
r r r r r r r r r
a (b c ) + b (c a ) + c (a b ) = 0

:
:
:

r r r
) a (b c
r r
r r
r r
r r r
= a (b c ) = a x (b c ) x + a y (b c ) y + a z (b c ) z
az

ay

ax

bz

by

= bx

cz

cy

cx

r r
b c -
r r
r
r
b . c - b c .
r r
r
r r r
) a (b c a b c
r r
r
r

,
b
a c
b
r
a .,
r r r
.

"

a
) (b c
r
c
r
r
r
r
r
r r
r r
:
) a (b c ) = b (c a ) = c (a b
, .

r
a

 "

-12-

'
'

:
- .
. - .
.

, ,
. ,
.
, ,
. , . , ,
. .
.
, x , .

- . x
. , x1
, x2 :

x = x2 x1

x . x1. x2 -

x , t .
x , t . . t2 > t1
:

x2 x1
t 2 t1

x
t

=v

 "

'

-13-

'

1 ,2 tan

x2

x2

x1

velocity .speed
t

.average velocity -

t2

x1

t1

speed
.
: 30"
20" . speed- 50" . ,
velocity- 10" . , speed- . velocity-
) (.

: -
t = 0 , x = 0 - speed- .
"" velocity-.
t

:
,

. ,

x
t

t ,

, . :
x
t 0 t

lim

-
. dx x t
dt

t
dx
dt

t
. x

.instantaneous velocity - t
instantaneous speed .velocity-
, x . t
, .instantaneous velocity-
- :
,0 , .0
, , 3s 8s . ,= 4 ms :

24 4
8 3

=v

 "

'

-14-

'

]x [m

]v [m/s

24

4
]t [s

]t [s

1 3- 0 - , 4 ms - 8 9 - 4 ms - . 0 -
) . (.
:

x = 7.8 + 9.2t 2.1t 3

- :
? t = 3.5s -

]a [m/s2

?
:
= ) = dtd (7.8 + 9.2t 2.1t 3

dx
dt

=v

= = 0 + 9.2 3 2.1 t 2

]t [s

= 9.2 6.3t 2

t = 3.5s:

-4

v = 67.875 ms = 6.0 ms

.
:14
" " . ,
, .
. .
. -
, .

1
v

 "

'

-15-

'

, . 1-
v
t

v2 v1
t 2 t1

=a

( dxdt ) = ddt x

d
dt

dv
dt

=a

2 :
:

.
. sm2 : .
. , )( ,
. , , , :
, v2 < v1 , a < 0 , . , ,
.
, 1 3- , 8 9-
. ,
.
. .
:
. ,
. t = 0 . v0 , , ,
v v0
t 0

=a

v = v0 + at

. t , , t = 0 v = v0 . ,
x x0
t 0

, x = x0 , t = 0 :

=v

, ,
v0 . v:
v -:
:
, t:

= v0 + 12 at

v + v0
2

=v

v0 + v0 + at
2

=v

x x0 = v t = v0t + 12 at 2
= v0 + at = v

dx
dt

 "

'

-16-

'

=a

d 2x
dt 2

, t a , v. x x0 -
, t v , x x0
v = v0 + at

:
:
) v 2 = v 0 + 2a ( x x 0
2

) v 2 = v0 + 2v0 at + a 2 t 2 = v0 + 2a (v0 t + 12 at 2 ) = v0 + 2a ( x x0
2

.
L T :

T2

.L

L T 2 . L2 T 2 :
:
75-" 45-"
88.

. , .
m
m
75 kmh = 75 1000
3600 s = 20.83 s

m
m
45 kmh = 45 1000
3600 s = 12.5 s

= 1.6 ms

20.83 +12.5
2.88

v v0
) 2 a ( x x0

=a

. ?
= 12.520.8 1.6 = 5.2s

v v0
a

= v = v0 + at t

. , 75"?
= 13s

20.8
1.6

v v0
a

=t

. ?
x x0 = v0 t + 12 at 2 = 20.8 13 12 1.6 132 = 135m

. 200'.
?
:

) v 2 = 0 = v 0 + 2a ( x x 0
2

 "

'

-17-

'

v0 = 2a ( x x0 ) = 3.2 200 = 640 v0 = 25.3

2

= 16s

25.3
1.6

v0
a

=t

,
a dt = dv

v = dv = adt = v0 + at

:
"

dv
dt

= a

dx
dt

= v

x = vdt = (v0 + at )dt = x0 + v0 t + 12 at 2

.
, .

a = g = 9.8 sm2

, ":

- .
g . 9.8 sm2 -
, . g
:
. 12 ms
. ?

= 1. 2 s

0 12
9.8

v v0
a

=t

. ?

v 2 v0 = 2ay
2

y = 0 - :
:

= 7.3m

0122
29.8

v 2 v0 2
2a

=y

. 5' ?
5 = 12 t 12 9.8 t 2

y = v0 t + 12 at 2

4.9t 2 12t + 5 = 0

1.9 s
= 129.86.8 =
0.53s

14498
9.8

t = 12

 "

-18-

'
'

, .
0.53s 5' , 1.9 s
.
:16
.
. ,
.2:1
:18
- . g . ,
.
:

g - 10 sm2 -
:19
- :
.
.
- , .
- .

y = 12 gt

 "

'

-19-

'

x, y , z
.
r
r

) : ( x, y, z
)
)
r
r = xi + yj + zk

r r r
r = r2 r1

r
r
r1 r2 -

)
)
)
r
:
r = ( x2 x1 )i + ( y2 y1 ) j + ( z 2 z1 )k
)
)
)
r
r
v = rt = xt i + yt j + zt k

)
)
)
r
v = vx i + v y j + vz k
t 0-:
dz
dt

= vz

dy
dt

= vy

dx
dt

r
v

t 0
r
r .

= vx
r
r

r
v
t

r r
v2 v1
t

r
r2

r
=a

t 0 :
x

)
)
)
)
)
)
(v x i + v y j + v z k ) = a x i + a y j + a z k
dv z
dt

= az

dv y
dt

= ay

d
dt

r
dv
dt

dv x
dt

r
=a

= ax

:1
x y - ":
x = 0.31t 2 + 7.2t + 28

y = 0.22t 2 9.1t + 30

t x - y -.
. t = 15 s

r
r1

 "

'

-20-

'

. "?
. "?
:
. t = 15s:

x = 0.3115 2 + 7.2 15 + 28 = 66.3m

y = 0.22 15 2 9.1 15 + 30 = 57m

x 2 + y 2 = 66.32 + 57 2 = 87.4m

:
x:

tan = xy = 6657.3 = 0.86 = 40.7

, 40.7 . x
. t v x v y - : t
= 0.62t + 7.2

dx
dt

= vx

= 0.44t 9.1

dy
dt

= vy

v y = 2.5 ms
2

v x = 2.1 ms

v = v x 2 + v y = 2.12 + 2.5 = 3.3 ms

= 1.19 = 230 = 50

vy
vx

= tan

. t :

= 0.44 sm2
,:
:

dv y
dt

= ay

= 0.62 sm2

dv x
dt

= ax

a = a x + a y = 0.62 2 + 0.44 2 = 0.76 sm2

2

= 0.71 = 144.6

ay
ax

= tan

:
, :
r r r
v = v0 + a t
:

r r r
r
r r0 = v0 t + 12 at 2

. .
.

 "

'

-21-

'

, , x ) ( a x = 0 y

.
, .
r r
r
2
v 2 = v0 + 2vo at + a 2 t 2
. v -:
r r
r
2a - r r0 -:

r r r
r r
2a (r r0 ) = 2a v0t + a 2 t 2

r r r
2
v 2 = v0 + 2a (r r0 ) :

r r r
2
v 2 2a (r r0 ) = v0

.
.
. g

x = v0 cos t

, vo:

y = 12 gt 2

:
0 .
x , v0 cos 0 :

. x = v0 cos 0 t

y , v0 sin 0 :

. y = v0 sin 0 t 12 gt 2

: x -
gx 2
cos 0 ) 2

= t y -:

x
v 0 cos 0

x
y = v0 sin 0 v0 cosx 0 12 g v 2 cos
= x tan 0 2( v
2

R x , -
. y = 0 y - :

sin 0

x0 -:

2v0
g

sin 2 0

= v0 sin 0 = 12 gt t
v0 2
g

= sin 0 cos 0

2 v0 2
g

=R

v0 , . sin 2 0 = 1 : , 2 0 = 90 : . 0 = 45
. .
:20
.
) (.

 "

'

-22-

'

:22
" - " .
.
, ) (.
- .
.
:23
- .
, .
:24
- ) .( 60 , 45 , 30 .
. 45 -
:2
1200 m

430 kmh
. ,
?

:
:
:
, :
:

= 15.65 s

2400
9.8

= 1200 = 12 gt 2 t

m
v0 = 430 kmh = 430 1000
= 119.4 ms
3600 s

v0t = 15.65 119.4 = 1869 m

= 57.3

tan = 1869
= 1.56
1200

, .
:3
, ,
. , 4.8m
? 4.5 ms

6.2m

 "

'

-23-

'

:
= 0.99 s

=t

2 4.8
9.8

4.8 = 12 9.8 t 2

4.5 0.99 4.5 m

:
.
:4
82 ms . 560m
. , ?
. ?

. , ?
:
.

= 0.816

5609.8
82 2

Rg
v0 2

= sin 2 0 sin 2 0

54.7
27.3
= 0
125.3
62.6

R
v 0 cos 0

.:

= 2 0

= v0 cos 0t = R t

:
:

= 7.7 s

560
82 cos 27.3

= t1

= 14.8 s

560
82 cos 62.6

= t2

= 686 m

v0 2
g

=R

82 2
9.8

v0 2
g

= Rmax

:5
v0 = 26.5 ms 0 = 53 3m
, , . , 23m
. 18m
. ?
:

23
= 23 tan 53 2( 269.5.8cos
= 20.3 m
53 ) 2
2

gx2
2
) 0 cos 0

y = x tan 0 2( v

, 3m - , 23.3m 5.3m
.
. . ?
:

v y = (v0 sin 0 ) 2 2 gy = 0
2

 "

'

-24-

'

= 22.9

( 26.5sin 53 ) 2
2 9.8

v 0 2 sin 2 0
2g

=y

3 ,18 . 7.9m
. ?
y = (v0 sin 0 ) t 12 gt 2 = 0

:
t -:

= 4.3 s

2 26.5sin 53
9.8

2 v 0 sin 0
g

= v0 sin 0 = 12 gt t

. ?
= 69 m

26.5 2 sin 106

9.8

v 0 2 sin 2 0
g

=R

. r - ,
:
) ( y = r sin

x = r cos

= t

) y = r sin( t

:
:

) = r cos( t

dy
dt

= = r sin( t ) , v y

v = r

x = r cos( t ) ,
dx
dt

= vx

v = vx + v y = r 2 2
2

, .
. T -
= 2

:
:
:

= r 2 sin t

dv y
dt
v2
r

= = r 2 cos t , a y

= a = 2r

r
) r = ( x, y:

2r
v

dv x
dt

=T

= ax

ax + a y = r 2 4
2

r
r
2 r
2
a = 2 r = vr 2 r = vr r

r
r . ,

, .

 "

'

-25-

'

:6
h = 200km .
. 9.2 sm2 ?
:
g:
v2
RE + h

=g

RE .v = g ( RE + h) = 9.20(6.37 106 + 200 103 ) = 7770 ms :

:57
V-Scope ,
Probe . V-Scope- ,
" Probe-
. .Probe-
Probe- ,
Probe- , ,
," .
.

) ( , ) (
. ,

v2
r

, . 30 ms , .
. :
. ,
, ,
, .

 "

'

-26-

'

) (A P .
) (B .P
.

xPA = xPB + xBA

: P " A
P

P " B

B " .A

.
:

x
xBA

d
dt

xPB +

d
dt

= xPA

d
dt

x
vPA = vPB + vBA

.
dvPA
. , , = 0 .
dt

, P .
aPA = aPB

:
, , .
:7

. 78 ms P
, 52 ms ?
:
:

vPB = vPA vBA = 78 52 = 130 kmh

. P , 10s - ?
1000 m
= 7.8 3600
= 2.2 sm2
s2

km

= 7.8

) 0 ( 78
10

v v0
t

=a

. ?
, .
. 130 kmh
, . 52 kmh

 "

'

-27-

'

= 2.2 sm2

km

= 7.2

) 52 ( 130
10

v v0
t

=a

r
P A rPA
r
r
" P rPB - B B rBA - A
r
r
r
:
rPA = rPB + rBA
r
r
r
t -:
vPA = vPB + vBA
r
r
:
x aPA = aPB

y
P
y
r
rPB

r
rPA

B
:8
r
v BG
r
)( ) vIG -(.
r
, vBG = 4 ms : 30 . x
r
, vIG = 5 ms : 50 . x
r
, vIB , ?

r
rBA

:
r
r
r
vIB = vIG vBG

:
:

r
r
r
vIG = vBG + vIB

r
vIB = (5 cos 50 + 4 cos 30)i + (5 sin 50 4 sin 30) j = (6.7i + 1.8 j ) ms

r
vIG = 5 cos 50i + 5 sin 50 j
r
vGB = 4 cos 30i + 4 sin 30 j

:9
, 215 kmh
. 65 kmh
. ?
. , ? :
?

 "

'

-28-

'

:
r
r
. , vPG - , vPA
r
.
v
AG -
r
r
v PG
r
r
r
v AG
:
vPG = vPA + v AG

r
.

PA

vPG = vPA + v AG = 2152 + 652 = 50450 kmh

vPG = 225 kmh = 62.4 ms

= 0.30 = 16.8

65
215

v AG
v PA

= tan

. :

vPA 215 kmh vPG = 205 kmh = 56.9 ms :

:

= 0.30 = 17.6

65
215

vPG = vPA v AG = 2152 652

2

v AG
v PA

= sin
r
v AG

r
v PA

r
v PG

 "

-29-

'

'

.
.
. ,
, .
.
,
- . ,
) ( .
, .
.
, .
' '.
.
,
. , ,
, .

. .
:46
. ,
, .

, .

 "

'

-30-

'

, , ,
. , .
, .m - , , ,
. , :

r
r
F = ma
3-:

Fz = ma z

Fy = ma y

Fx = ma x

m " ) ( kg .SI m ,c.g.s ,

) .( g .
.
SI , . N , a-

m
s2

, m , kg -

1N = kg sm2

F . N - :

1dyne = g cm
s2

, c.g.s , dyne:

1N = 1000 g 100 cm
= 105 dyne
s2

, , , :
, , ,
.
:1
) ( ),
( . 2.3m , 240kg . 130 N
. , ?
:

= 0.542 sm2

130
240

F
m

=a

:
) v 2 = v0 + 2a ( x x0
2

v = 1.58 ms

v 2 = 0 + 2 0.542 2.3 = 2.493 ms 2

 "

'

-31-

'

. . 4.5s -
?
:
v = v0 + at

:
, v = 1.58 ms , v0 = 1.58 ms : . t = 4.5s :
= 0.70 sm2

1.58 1.58
4.5

v v0
t

=a

) (- x
.

:2
r
- , FL

. FR
137

220 N FL . 170 N Fs .
, FS ?

r r
r
r
F = Fx + Fy + Fz = 0

FRx + FLx + FSx = 0

2:

FRy + FLy + FSy = 0

r
y , , . FS
:
:

r
FL

FR cos 47 + FL cos = 0

FR sin 47 + FL sin FS = 0
220 cos 47 + 170 cos = 0

220 sin 47 + 170 sin FS = 0

: . FS -
:

r
FR

r
FS

 "

'

-32-

'

220
cos = 170
cos 47 = 0.883 = 28 sin = 0.470

FS :

FS = 220 sin 47 + 170 sin 28 = 241N

. .
. , , .
r
, , , F = 0 .

:3
r
F2

2kg ,
r
r
F1 F2 - , :
r
r
F1 = 10 N , F2 = 12 N
x

r
r
F3 . a
r
r
, , a = 8 sm2 ? F3

r
a

60

30

r
F1

:
" :
x: y -

,:
:

r r r
r
r
F
=
F
+
F
+
F

1
3 = ma
2

F1x + F2 x + F3 x = max

F1 y + F2 y + F3 y = ma y
10 cos 60 + 0 + F3 x = 2 8 sin 30

10 sin 60 + 12 + F3 y = 2.8 cos 30

F3 x = 16 12 + 10 12 = 13N

F3 y = 16 0.866 + 10 0.866 12 = 17.2 N

, :

F3 = (13i 17.2 j ) N

26:
,
.

 "

-33-

'
'

, 2
. 2
,
.

" , .
" , , .
) ( ,
, .
,
. ) ( )(
r
r
r
, g " 9.8 sm2 . W = mg"
r
y , , g = gj : . g = 9.8 sm2

r
r
mg = ma )( )(
r r
, a = g : : ,
r
. g - .
" , .
" , .
, , ,
,
.
:

r
r
, W = mg
r
. , N

.:

mg

 "

'

-34-

'

r r
r
r
r
W + N = 0 N = W = mg

r
N ) (.
:
, ,
r r
, T . T

.
.
:4
7 10 5 N .
, . . 80kg
. 30

.
,

30

.
?
:

r
T:
r
T 30 , :

T = 2.5 80 9.8 = 1960 N

Fx = T cos = 1960 cos 30 = 1697 N

= 71400kg

:
:

m
s2

1697
71400

Fx
m

= ax

) v 2 = v02 + 2a( x x0

:
v = 0.22 ms

= 2.377 10 2

7105
9.8

= m = Wg

v 2 = 2 2.377 10 2 1 = 0.0475 ms 2

 "

'

-35-

'

r
? . : N
r
Ty = T sin = 1960 sin 30 = 980 N
. T :
N = 699000

N + 980 = 700000

:
r
. A , FAB ,B
r
r
r
r
B A FBA FAB -. FAB = FBA :

A,B . ,
- , ""
"" . ? :
.

-.
r
r
: W , N
. -.
r
W .
. . ,
,
, .
r
, N .
) ""( , .
:5
M

.:
, m = 2.1kg

M = 3.3kg

.
M.
:
. M . m

T
m

 "

'

-36-

'

r
. . T

:
:
.1 , M Mg , m mg .
r
.2 , T M , m )
(.
r
.3 . N
r
. M - ) Mg
r
( . N
r
T :
T = Ma

, m .

T mg = ma

m:
Ma T:

Ma mg = ma

( M + m)a = mg
g

:
:

Mm
m+ M

m
m+ M

=a

= T = Ma

9.8 = 3.8 sm2

2.1
2.1+3.3

=a

T = Ma = 3.3 3.8 = 12.6 N

a T - .
g = 0 :
. M = 0 m , m
a g. T = mg -

U , , .
+ mg M + m :

( M + m)a = mg
:

mg
M +m

=a

 "

'

-37-

'

.
:6

M = 33kg

m
M

. m = 3.2kg

d = 77cm . 1.7 s
. ?
. ?
. ?
:
d = 12 at 2

= 0.533 sm2

20.77
1.7 2

2d
t2

=a

a , :
( M + m)a = (33 + 3.2) 0.533 = 19.3 N

.
. 19.3 N . M Ma -
: a

Ma = 33 0.533 = 17.6 N

M . 17.6 N ,
19.3 17.6 = 1.7 N

:
, a:

:7

ma = 3.2 0.533 = 1.7 N

47

m = 15kg

28

A
C

: M

TC mg = 0 TC = mg = 15 9.8 = 147 N
.
: y

TA sin 28 + TB sin 47 TC = 0

: x

TA cos 28 + TB cos 47 = 0

 "

'

-38-

'

28
TB = TA cos
= 1.29TA
cos 47

TA sin 28 + 1.29TA sin 47 = 147

TB = 134 N

= 104 N

147
sin 28 +1.29 sin 47

= TA

:8
m = 15kg .
?
: N

N mg cos = 0

: T

T mg sin = 0

T = mg sin = 15 9.8 sin 27 = 66.7 N

= 27

r
N

N = mg cos = 15 9.8 cos 27 = 131N

mg

:9

, ?

:
:
:

mg sin = 66.7 N

mg sin = ma a = g sin = 4.4 sm2

, . , ,
, = 90 - sin = 1 , a = g -
.
10
.Atwood
m = 1.3kg . M = 2.8kg -
.
:
:

T mg = ma

a .
a ,:

T
m
M

T Mg = Ma

 "

'

-39-

'

mg + Mg = ma + Ma

9.8 = 3.6 sm2

:
:

2 Mm
M +m

2.81.3
2.8+1.3

=g

M m
M +m

=a

= ) T = m( g + a ) = mg (1 + MM +mm
9.8 = 17.4 N

22.81.3
2.8+1.3

=T

. 2T
:
M = m a = 0 T = mg - . 2mg
:
, U ,
. ( M m) g : M + m:
g

M m
M +m

= a

( M + m) a = ( M m) g

:11
m = 72.2kg . :
. ?
. a = 3.2 sm2
. a = 3.2 sm2

:
.
. :

N mg = ma

) N = m( g + a

: a = 0

N = mg = 72.2 9.8 = 708 N

a = 3.2 sm2:

N = m( g + a ) = 72.2(9.8 + 3.2) = 939 N

a = 3.2 sm2:

N = m( g + a ) = 72.2(9.8 3.2) = 477 N

:27
. . .
.

 "

'

-40-

'

:1
: 400 g .

. 800 g
.
:3

400g

, ,
. 2 -
:4
T cos = Mg

T sin = mg

T = m2 g

T
Mg

m2 = M 2 + m 2
2

, :

mg

:5

m1 + m2 = M 2
2

m2g
m1g
M

, ,
- - .
. -
. ,

m2g

 "

'

-41-

'

. ,
- .
r
. f s -
r
. f k -
, t = 0
:
r
. f s ,max -

, ,
r
, v , -
.

fk
t

, .
,
.
) ( , . ,
, ,
,
. 10 4
. ,
.
, .
,
. .
. ,
.
:
, :

f s ,max = s N

fk = k N

.
s . k - )( ,:

k < s

 "

'

-42-

'

. k -
.
:11
. . 13
. ?
:
: .

N = mg cos

N:

mg sin = f s ,max = s N = s mg cos

sin
s = cos
= tan = tan 13 = 0.23

:
:12

) : (
. . 290m -
, k = 0.60 ?
:

) v 2 = v0 + 2a ( x x0
2

( x x0 ) = 290m , v = 0 a . a :

a = g k
:

ma = f k = mg k

v0 = 2a ( x x0 ) = 2 g k ( x x0 ) = 2 9.8 0.60 290 = 3410 ms 2

2

v0 = 58.4 ms

:
:13
75kg
. 0.10 . 42

r
T

. ? T
. N ?
:
:

T cos = f k = k N

 "

'

-43-

'

T sin + N = mg

T cos

= N

T sin + cos
k = mg

mg
75 9.8
=
= 90.7 N
cos
sin + k
sin 42 + 0.110 cos 42

= 674 N

759.8
0.10tan 42+1

mg

k tan +1

mg cos
k sin + cos

=T

N = T cos
= k

:14

, m1 = 14kg , m2 = 14kg , = 30 : m2
.

T
m1

m2

. ? m1

. ? k
:

T f k m1 g sin = 0

. m1 :

m2 g T = 0

: m2
T = m2 g :
.:

f k = T m1 g sin = g (m2 m1 sin ) = 9.8(14 14 sin 30) = 68.6 N

.6
= 149.68
8cos 30 = 0.58

fk
m1g cos

= k

f k = k N = k m1 g cos

) ( ,
. D -
, " . "
D = 12 CAv 2

C ) 0.4 ,( 1 -
) ( A , v - .
D - :
ML
T2

= ) L2 ( TL
2

M
L3

= [ D] = [ ] [ A] [v]2

 "

'

-44-

'

, , :
F = ma = mg D = mg 12 CAv 2

, , , D
. :
2
1
m dv
dt = mg 2 CAv

, ) . v(t
:
,

. . :
2 mg
C

= mg 12 Cvt = 0 vt
2

, . ,
-
." ,
,
.
, , ,
7 8 . ,
, , , .
.
, , ,
,
.
:15
1.5mm 1200 m .
C . 0.60

1.2 mg3

1000 mkg2

 "

'

-45-

'

. ?
. ?
:
. :

4R 3
= 4.5 10 9
3

= 7.4 ms

m = 4.5 10 1000 = 4.5 10 ,

81.5103 10009.8
30.61.2

8 R w g
3C a

24R 3 w g
2

C aR

2 mg
C a A

= vt

v 2 = 2 gh v = 2 gh = 2 9.8 1200 = 153 ms

, ,

v2
r

=a

. ,

v
, F = ma = m r , , . ,
2

, ,
.
-
.
.
:16
. R = 2.7 m

?
:
, :
v = gr = 9.8 2.7 = 5.1 ms

= mg

mv 2
r

:17
: .
.

 "

'

-46-

'

1.5kg - . 1.7 m - . 37
.
:

cos = mg

T - :

mv 2
r

= sin

r = L sin

:
mg
cos

:
2 L sin
T

:
:

= 2.3s

= 2

1.7 cos 37
9.8

mg

mv 2 = L sin sin = L sin 2

2 r
T

L cos
g

=, v
= 2

Lg sin
cos

=v

= 2L sin

sin
Lg sin 2

:18
1600kg v = 20 ms . R = 190m
s ?
" :

= 9.20
8190 = 0.21
2

v2
gR

= s

= N s = mg s

mv 2
R

:19
)

" "( ) (
. m

mg

v 20 ms . R = 190m

, ?
:

r
N ,:
mv 2
R

= N sin

N cos = mg

= 9.20
= 12
8190 = 0.215
2

v2
gR

= tan

 "

'

-47-

'

:20

. .
s 0.4 . 2.1m
?
? 49kg
:
.
mv 2
R

=N

. :
= 7.2 ms

2.19.8
0.4

Rg

= v

Rg

= v2

mv 2
R

mg = s N = s

= 1200 N

4.99.8
0.4

mg

=N

:58 3 -
.
) ( , ,
- .
: :
= mg S

, v = r

g S
r

mv 2
r

m 2 r = mg S

, r - , .
:59
. ,


.
:60 -
. .

 "

'

-48-

'

:61 -
" . .
) (.
:62 -
.
.T
-
. :

2r
T

=v

mv 2
r

0.98 N . 0.1kg

, ,
. .
: -
.
) ( ~ 10 13 m .
- .
) (1999 .
.

 "

'

-49-

'

. ,
, .

, " ) , '(
.
. - :
v 2 = v02 + 2ad

d v0
. v

r
r2
rr
v 2 = v0 + 2 a d

- :

d v0
rr
2
2
1
1
. v , 12 m -:
2 mv = 2 mv0 + ma d
rr
2
2
1
1
mv

mv
=
F
d
:
0
2
2
rr
r
r
r
Fd F r0 r
. W -

mv 2

1
2

K K0 = W

. K - :
ML2
T2

)( W K:

= ] [W ] = [ K

, . kgs2m = Joule . J -
2

c.g.s . g scm2 = erg = 10 7 J :

, , :electron-volt

electron volt = 1eV = 1.6 10 19 J = 1.6 10 12 erg

:

TeV = 1012 eV

GeV = 109 eV

MeV = 10 6 eV

keV = 10 3 eV

 "

'

-50-

'

, ,
. , ,
.
, ,
.

.
r r
rr
W = ( Fi )d = Fi d = Wi
:
:1
. , :
r
F = (2i 6 j ) N
r
:
]d = 3i[m
. ?
. 10 J ?
:
.

r r
W = F d = (2i 6 j )(3i) = 6 J

K K0 = W

K = K 0 + W = 10 6 = 4 J

6 J .

:
r
mg , :

Wg = mg d sin

. ,
, , ,
.
, , - ,
, Wa -:
:
Wa = Wg ::

K K 0 = Wa + W g

K = K0
Wa = mgd cos

 "

'

-51-

'

:2
15kg "

T
T

.
. " ,

, L = 0.57 m . 2.5m
. " ?
:
d cos = h = 2.5m:

Wg = mgh = 15 9.8 2.5 = 368 J

T = mg sin

: T :

WT = mg sin L

L:
, L sin = h:

WT = mgh = 368 J

:3
500kg 4 ms
,

r
g
5

r
= , a . 12m

. " ?
. " ?
. ?
. ?
. ?
:
. :

mgd = 500 9.8 12 = 58800 J

.

r
g
5

r
= a . mg5

, mg 0.8mg . ,
:
0.8mgd = 0.8 500 9.8 12 = 47000 J

.
:

W = W g + WT = 58800 47000 = 11800 J

 "

'

-52-

'

K 0 = 12 mv 02 = 12 500 4 2 = 4000 J

. :
:

K = K 0 + W = 4000 + 11800 = 15800 J

= 63.2 ms 2

. :

215800
500

= v2

2K
m

v = 7.9 ms

. .
.

. x . x
.
,
. j -F j (x) -
Xi

Xf

) ( .
:

W j = F j ( x)x

:
xf

W = lim F j ( x)x = F ( x)dx

xi

x 0

:4
, ,

) ( x1 , y1

.
.
r
r2

) r r ( x2 , y2
F
) dr = mg dy = mg ( y2 y1
) ( x1 , y1

r
F - . x

r
r1

) (x2 , y 2
x

 "

'

-53-

'

r
, . dr - ,
2

, :

mg ( y2 y1 ) = K 2 K1 = 12 mv2 12 mv1
2

v 2 .
. ,
.

] . [ xi , x j

rf

, :
:
W j = F j (r ) r j

ri

W = W j = F j ( r ) r j

:
r
r 0 -:

r
rf

r
rf

F (r )d r = F dx + F dy + F dz
z

r
ri

r
ri

.
. n-
r r r r
:
ri = r0 r f = rn
r
r
j - rj 1 . r j j- j - :

r r
r r
r r
W j = F j r j = ma j r j = 12 m(2a j r j ) = 12 m(v 2j v 2j 1 ) = K j K j 1
:

) W = W j = ( K1 K 0 ) + ( K 2 K1 ) + ( K 3 K 2 ) + L + ( K n 1 K n 2 ) + ( K n K n 1

K j - . :

W = K n K0 = K f Ki

,
,
.
. , ,2
, ,
.

 "

'

-54-

'

:4
r
, F = 3 xi + 4 j x m - F - N - .
) (2,3 ? (3,0) - ,
?
:
) ( 3, 0

) ( 3, 0
) r r ( 3, 0
F dr Fx dx + Fy dy = 3xdx + 4dy
)( 2, 3

)( 2 ,3

)( 2 ,3

, x , y
r
r
Fx - , y - Fy - . x - ,
) (2,3 ) . (3,0 :
3

W = 3xdx + 4dy = 3 x2 + 4 y 3 = 32 (9 4) + 4(0 3) = 7.5 12 = 4.5 J

0

,
,
r
d
x - ,
r
d

, . x - , ,
r
r
:
F = kd

) (Hooke
k .17-

N
m

r
d

F = kx

x :

) = 12 k ( x f xi
2

xf
xi

xf

xf

Ws = Fdx = (kx)dx = 12 kx 2
xi

xi

 "

'

-55-

'

r
Fa

Ws + Wa

. Wa :

K = K f K i = Wa + Ws

Wa + Ws = 0

, K f = K i , ,:

Wa = Ws

, "
.
.
, , .
:5
4.9 N ) (
. 12mm -
. ?
. 17mm - ?
. 17mm - ?
. 17mm - " -
, 12mm ?
:
= 12410.93 = 408 Nm

F
x

=k

F = kx = 40.8 0.017 = 6.9 N

Ws = 12 k ( x f xi ) = 12 408(0.017 2 0) = 0.059 J

Ws = 12 k ( x f xi ) = 12 408(0.012 2 0.017 2 ) = 0.030 J

:6
5.7kg
. v = 1.2 ms
. ,
? 1500 Nm

 "

'

-56-

'

:
.
:

Ws = 12 kd 2 = K f K i = 12 mv 2

=d

1.2 = 0.074m

=v

5.7
1500

m
k

, , .
: t , W :

W
t

= P ,
dW
dt

=P

) , 1 Js = 1W :(Watt ' ,
1hp = 746W

. : :
, kW -- MW -- . GW -

' :

1kWh = 103W 3600s = 3.6 106 J

r r
= F cos v = F v
:7
r
r
F1 F2 -
r
r
. F1 , 2.0 N F2
60 . 4.0 N

F cos dx
dt

dW
dt

=P

r
F2
r
v

60

r
F1

. 3 ms
. ?
?
r
. F2 , 6.0 N ?
?
:
r
. : F1

r r
F1 v = 2 3 cos180 = 6W

 "

-57-

'

r
: F2

'

r r
F2 v = 4 3 cos 60 = 6W

, , 0W ,
. , - .
r r
r
. , F2:
F2 v = 6 3 cos 60 = 9W
:

Ptot = 6 + 9 = 3W

, , 3W -

, . 3 ms

:
, ,
, , . , .
r r
, W = F d , .
. W = K .
. :
,
. :
r
v . .
r
. h : F m
r
. mg
. , 0 ,"
, :
.
r
: F h
. + mgh . mgh ,
0 . ,
. 12 mv 2

 "

'

-58-

'

) (Conservative a b -
.

Wa1b = Wa 2b
r r
r r
F dr = F dr

:
:

a 2b

1
2
a

a1b

:
. . , ":

) Wg = mg ( yb ya

a . b
. . :

) Ws = 12 k ( xb xa
2

, , xa -xb -
. . xb > xa > 0 - ,
.
, xc
xc - . xb - :

) Wab = Wac + Wcb = 12 k ( xc xa ) 12 k ( xb xc ) = 12 k ( xb xa

2

a -. b -
) (Nonconservative a b -
.
: a . b - ,
. a b - ,
:

W f = f k lab

, lab a b -

1
2

, .
, . ,

 "

'

-59-

a , b -:
:

'

Wa1b 2 a = Wa1b + Wb 2 a
r r
r r
Wb 2 a = F dr = F dr = Wa 2b
a 2b

b 2a

r
, , dr
r r
F dr .

, Wa 2b = Wa1b : . Wa1b 2 a = 0 :

,, Wa 2b Wa1b : Wa1b 2 a 0 :
:

r r
F
dr

) ( .
. :
- . ,
.
. , y
- . U g
y , , U g ,

U g = W g

, x U s
x , :

U s = Ws
.
, .

"
. ,
.
. 0

 "

'

-60-

'

:
) U g = Ws = mg ( y2 y1

0 ) y = 0

U g = mgy

( :
, , .
:

) U s = Ws = + 12 k ( x2 x1
2

0 x = 0:

U s = 12 kx 2

U s = 0 x = 0
, , , U s = 0
. x

:
, ,:

U = W

, , W = K : K
.
U = K

:
:

U + K = 0

U 2 U 1 + K 2 K1 = 0 U 2 + K 2 = U 1 + K1

, U + K , ,
. . , ,
, .
, , . ,
, ,
, .
:
.

 "

'

-61-

'

:8
m h = 8.5m .
, .
:

K 2 + U 2 = K1 + U 1

mv2 + mgy2 = 12 mv1 + mgy1

2

y1 = 8.5m

) 1(:

v1 = 0,
y2 = 0

2:
:

1
2

mv2 = mgy1 v2 = 2 gy1 v2 = 2 gy1 = 2 9.8 8.5 = 12.9 ms

2

1
2

:9
N
k = 7.5 cm , d = 3.2cm .

12 g . .
?
:

K 2 + U 2 = K1 + U 1

:
2

mv2 + 12 kx2 = 12 mv1 + 12 kx1

2

1
2

x2 = 0 , x1 = 0.032m , v1 = 0 : : v2
0.032 = 8 ms

750
0.012

= x1

k
m

= v2

x1

k
m

= v2
2

mv2 = 12 kx1
2

1
2

:10
' 61.0kg 45m .
L = 25.0m
. 160 Nm
. , h
?
. ?.
:
. d - , :

 "

'

-62-

'

) = mg y = mg ( L + d

kd 2 mgd mgL = 0

) = 3.74(1 3.79)m

2.25160
619.8

U s = 12 kd 2

1+

(1

61 9.8
160

=)

, d = 17.9m ::

2 Lk
mg

1+

(1

mg
k

mg m 2 g 2 + 2 mgLk
k

1
2

=d

d + L = 17.9 + 25 = 42.9m

2.1m

. mg T . :
T = kd = 160 17.9 = 2864 N

mg = 61.0 9.8 = 598 N

" 5864 598 = 2266 N ,

" " .

- : x

)U = U (x
x

) U (x :

U ( x) = F ( x)dx
x0

F ( x) = dU
dx

:
:

x
x + x
x + x

U = U ( x + x) U ( x) = F ( x)dx F ( x)dx = F ( x)dx = F ( x) x

x0
x
x0

F ( x) = Ux

x 0:

F ( x) = dU
dx

. x -

. U ( x) = 12 kx 2 , U ( x) , x > 0 x

<0

dU
dx

, F > 0 - . + x

U = mgy ::

 "

'

-63-

'

) U (x :
.
"
, E ,
x .

.
,
.

, .
x - ,
, . .
.
"" , "" ,
. ,
. .
, ,
.
.
,
. ,
" " .
- ,
. .
, )
""( .
.

 "

'

-64-

'

-3 ,
- , x, y, z :
r
r

r
r
U ( x, y , z ) = F d r
r
r0

r
r
r
F , r0 r
r
. " ) . r = ( x, y , z

:
= ) U ( x + x, y, z ) U ( x, y, z
x + x , y , z r r x , y , zr r
= = F dr F dr
x0 , y0 , z 0
x0 , y0 , z0

x + x , y , z r r x , y , zx0 , yr0 , z0 r
= F dr +
= F dr

x0 , y0 , z0

x, y,z
r
r
r
= Fx dx +Fy dy + Fz dz
, x
x , x + x y - z - dy = 0 dz = 0 -:
x + x , y , z

F dx
x

1
x

) U ( x + x , y , z ) U ( x , y , z
x

x, y,z

x 0 . Fx U , x
y z - . . Ux :
:
:

Fx = Ux

Fy = Uy , Fz = Uz

r
i + Uy j + Uz k = U

U
x

. U

r
= i x + j y + k z : , , U
r
r
. :
F = U

 "

'

-65-

'

r
.Nabla , :
+ Fzz

Fy
y

Fx
x

r
r
F U -

()

r r
= F = i x + j x + k x Fx i + Fy j + Fz k
r r
2
2
2
F = xU2 + yU2 + zU2 = U

r r
r
. F . F
:

Fyx

( )

Fy
x

Fxz + k

Fx
z

( )+ j

Fy
z

Fz
y

= i

U =0

Fz

Fy

Fx

U z

y z

r r
= F

Fz
y

= zy
r r
F = 0

" .:
r r
: F , ,
) (.
:
. U = (3 x 2 y y 3 z 2 ) joule : F ). (1,2,1

r
r
= F = U = i Ux + j Uy + j Uz
= i6 xy j (3 x 2 3 y 2 z 2 ) k(2 zy 3 ) = (12i + 9 j + 16k) N

:
. U = 1r : . F
:
:

12

= x2 + y2 + z2

2 x = rx3

= 12 x 2 + y 2 + z 2

U
x

= ry3 , Uz = rz3

U
y

:
:
:

r
r2

r
r
r3

1
x + y2 + z2
2

=U

xi + yj + zk
r3

r
r
= F = U

 "

'

-66-

'

= ) U = U ( x + x, y + y, z + z ) U ( x, y, z
= U ( x + x, y + y, z + z ) U ( x, y + y, z ) + U ( x, y + y, z + z )
= ) U ( x, y, z + z ) + U ( x, y, z + z ) U ( x, y, z
r
r
= Ux x + Uy y + Uz z = U r
U ( x, y , z ) = C

U:

) , x, y, z ( .
r
r
r
r - r + r - , . U = 0 , -
r
r
r
r
U . r - r - U -
.
r
r
r
r
r U r . r
r
r
, r . U - ,
U U - .
, . U = mgz , U
r
r
U . F = U .
:53
.

. ,
"
.
:56

- . m M

h .
M -

10cm . , . 12 mv 2 = mgh

"
, .
, .

 "

'

-67-

'

W a + W c = K

Wc .:

Wa = K Wc = K + U = E

, .
.
. ,
:
r r
Wf = fk d = fk d
E = f k d

. . Eint = W f = f k d :

.
, ,
K = 100 J

, 100 J -:

Eint = +100 J

40 J - 60 J - ,
. 60 J ) +( .
, :
K + U + Eint = Etot = 0

K = Wtot = Wc + W f = U Eint

, : + + )( .
, .
: . . 0
, .
.
,
.
.
. E

, E :

E
t

=P

 "

'

-68-

'

dE
dt

=P

:11
40kg 30

r
fk

. . 380
mg

, f k = 140 N . 0.5m

30

. ?
W f = f k d = 140 0.5 cos(180) = 70 J

. ?
W g = U = mgy = mgd sin = 40 9.8 0.5 sin 30 = 98 J

. ?
Wa = Fd cos = 380 0.5 cos 0 = 190 J

. ?
Wa = E = K + U + E int = K W g W f
K = Wa + W g + W f = 190 98 70 = 22 J

:12
6kg 7.8 ms

y 0 = 8.5m . y1 = 11.1m
y1

y2

.
:
E = K + U
K = 0 12 mv 2 = 0 12 6 7.8 2 = 182.5 J
U = mgy = 6 9.8 (11.1 8.5) = 152.9 J
:

E = K U = 182.5 152.9 = 29.6 J

:13
5.2 g h1 = 18m
, 14 ms . h2 = 21cm
. ?
. ?

 "

'

-69-

'

. ?
:

E = K + U
K = 0 12 mv 2 = 0 12 0.0052 14 2 = 0.51J

U = mg (h1 + h2 ) = 0.0052 9.8 (18 + 0.21) = 0.93J

E = 0.51 0.93 = 1.44 J

. " . 0
Eint = 1.44 J

:
" .
F = 10..44
21 = 6.8 N

1.44 J = W f = ( F h2 ) = F h2

:
. , ,
.
. . . ,
)
( , CO2 -
.
. -
.
,
.
, :
: 1u = 1.66 10 27 kg ,

mHe = 4.002683u

. :
m p = 1.007825u

mn = 1.008665u

:
mHe 2m p 1mn = 4.002683 2 1.007825 2 1.008665 = 0.30u = 0.05 10 27 kg

-70-

"

'
'

E = mc 2

:
, c ,

m
s

3108:

= 0.28 108 eV = 28MeV

0.451011
1.610 19

= E = 0.05 10 27 9 1016 = 0.45 10 11 J

, . 28MeV
. )(
, . .

. .
+.
- .

 ' -
' - , , ,
,

" -
' " " -
" " .

 "

-2-

'

, 4 ......................................................
4 ....................................................................................................
8 ..................................................
8 ............................................................................................................
9 ...........................................................
11 ........................................................................................................
12 ..................................................................
)( 16 ......................................................................
17 .............................................................
, 18 ...................................................................................
20 ...............................................................................................
25 ...........................................................................................................
28 .......................................................................................................

30 .................................................................

32 ..............................................................................
32 ..................................................................................................
33 ........................................................................................
35 .......................................................................
36 .................................................................................
36 ..........................................................
39 ..............................................................
41 ....................................................................
42 .....................................................................................................
44 ....................................................
47 ..................................................................................
)51 ............................................................(moment of ineratia
53 ......................................................................................
55 ............................................................................................................

62 .................................................................................
62 ............................................................................................

64 ............................................................................................................

'

 "

-3-

'

68 ...................................................................................................................................

70 .................................................................
71 ...................................................................
' 72 ....................................................................................................

75 ..................................................................
75 ........................................................................................
- 76 .....................................
78 ...................................................................

82 ..............................................................................
84 .............................................................................................
85 ...............................................................................................
85 ...........................................................................................
85 .................................................................................
86 ..................................................................................
- 87 .................................
89 ......................................................................

91 ......................................................................................
91 ................................................................................................
91 .................................................................................
- 92 ...........................................
94 ................................................................................................
95 .......................................................................
96 ............................................................................
96 .........................................................................................
- 96 ..............................................................

'

 "

'

-4-

'

,

,
.
.
d

cm m2

m1
d

m2 d
m1 + m2

, x :

= xcm

, x , .
m1 = m2:

d
2

= xcm

, .
, m2 = 0:

xcm = 0

. . , m1 = 0
xcm = d

1 , x1 :
m1 x1 + m2 x2
m1 + m2

, 3:

) m1 x1 + m2 ( x1 + d
m1 + m2

= xcm = x1 + mm1 +2dm2

m1 x1 + m2 x2 + m3 x3
m1 + m2 + m3

= xcm

: m3 x3
m1x1 + m2 x2
m1 + m2

m2 m 1 - :
:

m1 x1 + m2 x2 + m3 x3
m1 + m2 + m3

= x12

) m3 x3 + x12 ( m1 + m2
m1 + m2 + m3

, ,
.
n

, n:

M = mi
i =1

 "

'

-5-

'

m x

= xcm

1
M

i i

i =1

m x

. :

i i

1
M

= ycm

ii =1
n

m z

= z cm

1
M

i i

i =1

r
ri = xi i + yi j + zi k

:
i + ycm j + z cm k

cm

m r = x

r
= rcm

1
M

i i

i =1

, .
n

r m

r
= rcm

1
M

i =1

r dm

mi 0 :

r
= rcm

1
M

dm = dV

dV = dx dy dz

. r (r ) dV :
r

1
M

r (r ) dx dy dz

1
M

r
= rcm

r
= rcm

. :

x (x, y, z ) dx dy dz

1
M

= xcm

y (x, y, z ) dx dy dz

1
M

= ycm

z (x, y, z ) dx dy dz

1
M

= z cm

: , , x
y . z .
.
( x, y, z ) , :
r

r dxdydz = r dxdydz
:1

1
V

r
= rcm

 "

'

-6-

'

m3 = 3.4kg

m2 = 2.5kg

m1 = 1.2kg

)y (cm

. a = 140m
m3

121

:
:
m2
)x(cm
140

1 .2

140

2 .5

121

70

3 .4

m1

M = 1.2 + 2.5 + 3.4 = 7.1kg

= 1.20+2.571..14+3.40.7 = 0.83m

m1 x1 + m2 x2 + m3 x3
M

= xcm

= 1.20+ 2.570.1+3.41.21 = 0.58m

m1 y1 + m2 y2 + m3 y3
M

= ycm

:2
.
:
. ,
,
, .
. ,
, , ,
. , .
:3
2 R
2R

. R . x

. .
:

D - . C -
:
:

mD xD + m X x X
mD + m X

= xC

xC = 0

 "

'

-7-

'

x X = mmDX x D

xD = R
mD = R 2 t

mC = (2 R ) t
2

mX = 3 R 2 t

:
t - . :

1
3

mD
mX

x X = 13 R

:
:4
.
, 88m - 40m . 4.09 10 5 m 3
= 30.
H

h
kg

m3

, = 1.5 10 3

r1

?
:
,
zcm = V1 z dV

. : zcm ,

, . dz
z r:

H = r1 tan = 88 tan 30 = 50.8m

H z
r

H
r1

= tan

r = (H z) Hr1
dz

r12
H2

dv = r 2 dz = (H z)2

= )dz

z2
H2

2 z3
H

( 12

(H 2 2 Hz + z 2 )dz = r1
h2
H2

+ 13

h = H

h
H

) = r1 h( 1
2

h3
H2

r12
2

+ 13

= dz

h2
H

r12
2

V = dV = (H z)2
0

) = r1 (h
2

z3
H2

+ 13

- 13 r1 .

z2
H

= r1 (z
2

 "

'

-8-

'

zdv

= )dz
:

z3
H2

1 h2
4 H2

2 z2
H

2 h
3 H

(z
0

2 1
2

r12
H2

zdv = (H z)2
0

] = r

= r1 h
2

h
0

1 h2
4 H2
1 h2
3 H2

z4
4 h2

2 h
3 H

h
H

2 z3
3 H

[
[1

h 12

z
2

= 0.787

: h = 40m

= Z cm

= r

2 1
1 2

40
50.8

[
[

40 12 23 0.787 + 14 0.787 2
=
= 40 00..130
149 = 12.4 m
2
1
1 0.787 + 3 0.787

h
H

Z cm

W = dw = gzdv = g zdv = gZ cm V

0 -
:

= ) ) = 1.5 10 3 9.8 12.4 88 2 40(1 0.787 + 13 0.787 2

h2
H2

W = gZcm r1 h(1 Hh + 13
2

7.4 10 J
10

i =1

i =1

U = mi gy1 = g m1 y1 = gMy cm

, . ,
) (4 , :
gMy cm = Vgy cm

, ,
. ,
.
:
, ,
, .

 "

'

-9-

'

, .
,
.

r
. ri :
n
r
r
r
r
r
Mrcm = m1r1 + m2 r2 + L + mn rn = mi ri
i =1

n
r
r
Mvcm = mi vi

n
r
r
Macm = mi ai

i =1

i =1

n r
r
Macm = Fi
i =1

r
r
Fi . i - Fi -
, -
r
- . , i Fij
r
, j j Fij i ,
r
r
Macm = Fext
.:
, ,
.
. ,

 "

'

-10-

'

. - .
r
r
Macm, x = Fext , x
:
r
r
Macm, y = Fext , y
r
r
Macm, z = Fext , z
:
, ,
. - .
:5

12 N
45

8kg

.
4

4kg

= 6 + 14 + 12 cos 45 = 16.5 N

6N

14 N

ext , x

= 12 sin 45 = 8.5 N

ext , y

M = 4 + 8 + 4 = 16 Kg

= 1616.5 = 1.03 sm2

r
= 816.5 = 0.53 sm2 a = a x2 + a 2y = 1.16 sm2

Fext , x
M

= acm

Fext , y
M

= acm, y

acm , y
acm , x

= tan

53
= 10..03
= 0.514 = 27.2

:6
. m = 1.3kg , M = 2.8kg ,Atwood

r
U

, , T ,
.

r
T

:
.
. M , a m . a
:
:
:
:

r
T

m
T mg = ma
T Mg = Ma

(M m)g = (M + m)a

 "

'

-11-

'

M m
M +m

=a

2.8 1.3
2.8 +1.3

=a

9.8 = 3.6 sm2

:
T :

2 Mm
M +m

M +mM +m
M +m

T = Mg Ma = Mg (1 MM + mm ) = Mg

9.8 = 17.4 N

:
:

4 Mm
M +m

22.81.3
2.8 +1.3

=T

= U = 2T

.
a = ((MM +mm ))2 g
2

m M
m+M

ma Ma
m+M

= acm

(m + M )g
. U U (m + M )g = (m + M )acm = (m + M ) ((MM + mm ))2 g = ((MM+mm)) g :
2

4 Mm
M +m

=g

( M + m )2 ( M m )2
M +m

= U = (m + M )g ((MM+mm)) g
2

.

.

r
r
) (momentum ) ( p = mv :
r
r r
dp
=
m
a
=F
. :
dt

, :
.
, :
n
n
r
r r
r
r
r
r
p = p1 + p 2 + .... + p n = pi = mvi = Mvcm
i =1

i =1

. :
r
r
r
dvcm
dp
dt = M dt = Ma cm
r
r
dp
=
F
, :
ext
dt
:38 , Pohl
. .
.

 "

'

-12-

'

: ,
.
:41 - -
- .
.
: . ,
.
:30 -
. 10cm

. -
. 120 g - . 40 g -
, .
:37 -
.
. , ,
. 100 g
10cm .
)" ( 100 g
, 2 10cm . 2
:42
.
.
: x . 2 ms

K = 12 mi vi2
i =1

r
r r
r
, v i = v cm + u i : u i .

, K -:

n
n
r
r 2 n
r 2 n
r r
r
= K = 12 mi (vcm + u i ) = 12 mi vcm + 12 mi vcm ui + 12 mi u i2
i =1

i =1

r r
r
u i . vi v cm:

i =1

i =1

 "

'

-13-

'

n
n
r 2 n
r
r2
v r
= = 12 mi vcm + mi vcm (vi vcm ) + 12 mi u i
i =1

i =1

i =1

n
r 2 r
r
r
r2
= = 12 mi vcm + vcm ( mi vi mi vcm ) + 12 mi u i
i =1

i =1

i =1

i =1

r 2 r
r
r
r2 1 r 2 n 1
r2
1
mi vcm + vcm ( Mvcm Mvcm ) + 2 mi u i = 2 Mvcm + 2 mi u i

i =1

i =1

1
2

=
i =1

+
. ,
. . ,
.
:

=0

r
dp
dt

r
p = const

. , ,
r
r
. pi = p f :
, , ,
) ( )
(.
r
p ,
:
:

r
r
vcm acm - ,
r
Fext = 0
r
r
dp
r = F
ext
dt

.
, .

. y , x
x.
:7

m = 6.0kg v = 4.0 ms x
. , m1 = 2kg x
. v1 = 8 ms ?
:
. m2 = 4kg :
:

p = mv

p1 + p2 = m1v1 + m2v2

 "

'

-14-

'

mv = m1v1 + m2v2

mv m1v1
m2

= m2v2 = mv m1v1 v

= 2 ms

p = p1 + p2

) ( 24 16
4

) ( 64 28
4

= v2

:8
M = 1300kg m = 72kg v = 55 ms
, ) ( V . ?V
:
v e - . .:

v = v e V

) V ( .:

v e = v +V

0 . . 0
55
V = mmv+ M = 7272+1300
= 2.9 ms

v e = v +V = 55 2.9 = 52 ms

:
:9

M vi = 2100 kmh .
. 0.20M 500 kmh ,
, . 500 kmh
?
:
. Mvi u - v f -
:
Mvi = 0.2 Mu + 0.8Mv f
vrel = v f u u = v f vrel

:
:

= Mvi = 0.2 M (v f vrel ) + 0.8Mv f

= Mv f 0.2 Mvrel Mv f = Mvi + 0.2 Mvrel

v f = vi + 0.2vrel = 2100 + 0.2 500 = 2200 kmh

km
h

( ms -

:10
. "
.

 "

'

-15-

'

r
v1

v1 v2 -

r
v2
k

m2

m1

?
:
0 :

= mm12

v1
v2

0 = m1v1 + m2 v2

) (- .
2

2
k1 12 m1v12 m1 v1 m1 m2
m

=
= 2
=1
=
2
2
k 2 2 m2 v2 m2 v2 m2 m1
m1

.
.
: . 2 1
v1 ,
. ".
:11
M

100

.
3 - .

80

0.3M

130

. v fC = 5 ms B 0.2 M A

50

. C

. 0.5M A? B -

A
B

:
x . v fC -

v fC = sin 80 0.3M v fB sin 50 0.2M = 0

y:

80
m
00..23 = 5 1.5 sin
sin 50 = 9.6 s

:
: x

sin 80
sin 50

v fB = v fC

0.5Mv fA = 0.3M v fC cos 80 + 0.2 M v fB cos 50

v fA = 0.6 v fC cos 80 + 0.4v fB cos 50 = 0.6 5 cos 80 + 0.4 9.6 cos 50 = 3 ms

 "

'

-16-

'

)(
, .
.,
.
M - t v - .
) , ( .

= R

dM
dt

u .
t mv:

Mv

t + dt m + dm . v + dv

) (m + dm )(v + dv

. U -
u = v + dv U

) U v - u = v + dv U ,
U = v + dv u

( . :
:

Udm = (v + dv u )dM

, :

= ) (M + dM (v + dv ) + (v + dv u )dM
= = Mv + Mdv + vdM vdM + udM

= Mv + Mdv + udm

. Mv
Mdv = udM

)(1

dt -:

= u dM
dt = Ru

dv
dt

Ma = Ru

. . thrust
Ma = T

. T - :
. , .
) (1 :

dv = u dM
M
mt

vf

M
dv = u dMM = u ln M = u (ln M f ln M i ) = u ln M if
mi

vi

 "

'

-17-

'

v f vi = u ln MM if

. .
, . M f
Mgdt

, . :
:

Mgdt = Mv + Mdv + udm Mv = Mdv + udM

Mg = Ma Ru

dt -:

Ma = Ru Mg

:
T , .
dt - M -:

gdt = dv + u dM
M

dv = u dM
M gdt

v f vi = u ln MM if gt

g - . g - , .
:12

R = 2.3 kgs

850kg

u = 2800 ms

:
thrust- .
?
, M f = 180kg ?
:

T = Ru = 2.3 2800 = 6440 N

= 7.6 sm2

6440
850

T
m

=a

Ru mg .
:

850
v f = u ln MM if = 2800 ln 180
= 4350 ms

.
.

r
vcm

 "

'

-18-

'

0 . vcm :
. .
, .
. " ,
. d cm , Fext d cm cos
:
K cm = Fext d cm cos
, ,
, , :
K cm + Eint = 0
Eint = K cm = Fext d cm cos

:
, :

Fext d cm cos

.
, , ,
:

Eint = K cm U cm = Fext d cm cos

.
.
-
r
, acm , .
) ( .

.

,
) (
. . ,
)
( .
-
. , " .

 "

'

-19-

'

, .
, .
r
r
ddtp = F:

r r
dp = F (t )dt
r
pf

tf
r
r
d
p
=
F

. ti t f (t )dt :
r
pi

ti

r
r
, p f pi . ) (

r tf r
J = F (t )dt

) (impulse :

ti

r
r r
r
p = p f pi = J

: , . , ,
, . ,
, , )
( . ,
,
.
F t = Fdt = J

F :

, . F

J
J
t

r
v

, p - ,
, R J = n p

n , R - . t , R:
= nt p = nt mv

n m - - m t R:

J
t

=F

F = mt v

 "

'

-20-

'

v = 0 v = v

v = 2 v

:
:13

140 g 39 ms
. 39 ms
, ?
, 1.2ms , ?
a ?
:
J = p = mv = 0.14 (39 + 39 ) = 10.9kg ms
= 1.21010.93 = 9100 N
= 65000 sm2

9100
0.14

J
t

=F

F
m

=a

:14
: 45 ms 30
. ? 1.2ms
:
J x = p fx pix = m(v fx vix ) = 0.14(45 cos 30 ( 39 )) = 10.9kg ms
J y = pty piy = m(vty viy ) = 0.14(45 sin 30 0 ) = 3.15kg ms

J = J x + J x = 11.35kg ms

=F

J:

.35
= 1.11210
3 = 9460 N

= 16

3.15
= 10
.9

Jy
Jx

J
t

= tan

) .(head on collision ,

.
. . )
( ) ( , ,
, ,

 "

'

-21-

'

. .
, , .
1 v1i .
2 v2i = 0 .
. v2 f , v1 f ,
m1v1i = m1v1 f + m2v2 f

:
2

m1v1i = 12 m1v1 f + 12 m2 v2 f
2

1
2

. ,
m1 (v1i v1 f ) = m2 v2 f

:
2

m1 (v1i v1 f )(v1i + v1 f ) = m2 v2 f

v1i + v1 f = v2 f

)(1

v2 f

m2
m1

m1 + m2
m1

2v1i = v2 f 1 + mm12 = v2 f

v1i

) (1:

v1i

m1 m2
m1 + m2

= v1i v1 f

= 1 v1i

2 m1
m1 + m2

2 m1
m1 + m2

= v2 f

= v1 f = v2 f v1i

v2 f , .
, m1 > m2 , m1 < m2 m1 = m2 .
:
v2 f = v1i

. ,:

v1 f = 0

: 1 2 . 1
.

( )v

, m2 >> m1:

2 m1
m2

v2 f

v1 f v1i

. .
.
. .
.

) ( mv
2

1 1

1
2

= 2 mm12 v1 = 4 mm12
2

( )v

2 m1 2 2
1
m2

m2 v2 f = 12 m2
2

:
1
2

 "

'

-22-

'

,
.
, m1 >> m2:

v1 f v1i

v2 f 2v1i

: .
. ?
. ) 2v1i v1i ( v1i - , 0 -. 2v1i -
.
m1v1i
m1 + m2

p
M

= vcm

p.
. v2i 0 ,
m1v1i + m2 v2i = m1v1 f + m2 v2 f

:
2

m1v1i + 12 m2v2i = 12 m1v1 f + 12 m2v2 f

2

1
2

)m1 (v1i v1 f ) = m2 (v2i v2 f ) (1

) v1 f v2 f = (v1i v2i

, 1 2 -
.

m1 (v1i v1 f )(v1i + v1 f ) = m2 (v 2i v 2 f )(v 2i + v 2 f

(v

, ) (1 :

v1i v1 f = mm21 (v 2i v 2 f

2v1i = 1 mm12 v2i + 1 mm12 v2 f

2m1v1i (m2 m1 )v2i = (m1 + m2 )v2 f

v1i + mm12+mm21 v2i

:
:

+ v1 f ) = (v 2i + v 2 f

1i

v1i + m21 +mm2 2 v2i

m1 m2
m1 + m2

= + 1 v2 i

m2 m1
m1 + m2

1 v1i +

2 m1
m1 + m2

2 m1
m1 + m2

= v2 f

v1 f = v2i v1i + v2 f +

v2i = 0 ,
1 2 - . 1 2 - .
m1 = m2:

v2 f = v1i
v1 f = v2i

 "

'

-23-

'

. ,

.
m1v1i + m2 v2 i
m1 + m2

= vcm

p
m1 + m2

:15
.
1 m1 = 30 g
h1 = 8cm .
2 . m2 = 75 g

h2

h1
2

v1 f 1 ?

'

h1 1 ?
v 2 f 2 ?
h2 2 ?
:
1 :

v1i = 2 gh1 = 2 9.8 0.08 = 1.252 ms

, 1 :

1.252 = 0.537 ms

30 75
30 + 75

:
:
2 :
:

m1 gh1 = 12 m1v1i

= v1i

m1 gh1 = 12 m1v1 f
'

= 0.0146m 1.5cm

0.537 2
29.8

230
30 + 75

= v1i

= 0.026m = 2.6cm

0.715 2
29.8

1.252 = 0.715 ms

m1 m2
m1 + m2

= v1 f

v1 f 2
2g

2 m1
m1 + m2

= h1
'

= v2 f

v2 f 2
2g

= h2

:16
, .
.
m1 , m2 ?
:
:

K i = 12 m1v1i

 "

'

-24-

'

:
v

= 1 ( v11fi ) 2

, :

v1i 2 v1 f 2
v1i 2

K f = 12 m1v1 f
Ki K f
Ki

m1 m2
m1 + m2

, :
:

4 m1m2
( m1 + m2 ) 2

= frac

m12 + 2 m1m2 + m2 2 m12 + 2 m1m2 m2 2

( m1 + m2 ) 2

v1 f
v1i

= frac = 1 ( mm11 + mm22 ) 2

) ,( mm12 = 206 ) ( mm12 = 12 ) ( mm12 = 1

:
:
:

= 0.019 = 1.9%

4206

(1+ 206 )2

= 0.28 = 28%

412

(1+12 )2

= 1 = 100%

41

(1+1)2

= frac
= frac
= frac

, .
. ,
, = 2
= 0.89 = 89%

42

(1+ 2 )2

m2
m1

= frac

:35 -
. .
.
.
5 .
.
." 34-
.
- 33
100 g .
.
.
) ( .
. .
:
:

v1i

m1 m2
m1 + m2

= v1 f

 "

'

-25-

'

2 m1
m1 + m2

v1i

= v2 f

1 2 - .
:

v1i
v1i
mm11 + mm22 v1i + mm12+mm21 m12+mm1 2 v1i = 0

2 m1
m1 + m2

m1 m2
m1 + m2
2 m1
m1 + m2

= vi1 = v1 f
= v2 i = v2 f

= v1i + mm12+mm21 v2i

2 m1
m1 + m2

= v2 i

2.
36
.
.
-
.
:

v - . v
, . v , )
:( 1
m < M -:
:

m +3 M
m+M

=v

2M
m+ M

( v ) +

mM
m+ M

= v1 f

m + M < 2 M < 2 M + ( M m ) < 3M m

v1 f < v

. ,
.
, .
,
. ,
. . 0 ,

.
)(coellicient of restitution
e = 1

v1 f v 2 f
v1i v 2 i

e=

 "

'

-26-

'

. e = 0 ,
e 0 1 - .
. 1 ,
:

, m1v = (m1 + m2 )V V

) ( , v - 1
.
m1v
m1 + m2

: V

= V

, , ,
. , m2 >> m1

, V 0

. .

m1v1 + m2 v 2 = (m1 + m2 )V

m1v1 + m2 v2
m1 + m2

= V

v1 , v 2 - , V - ,
, .
:17
.
, M = 5.4kg .
m = 9.5 g , .
,

r
v

6.3cm .
?
, ?
:
mv = (m + M )V

V :

(m + M )V 2 = (m + M ) gh

V = 2 gh

:
:

1
2

2 9.8 0.0063 = 632 ms

0.0095 + 5.4
0.0095

= 2 gh

m+ M
m

=v

K = 12 mv 2 = 12 0.0095 632 2 = 1895 J

E = (m + M ) gh = (5.4 + 0.0095) 9.8 0.063 = 3.3 J

 "

'

-27-

'

= 1.8 10 3 = 0.18%

, :

3.3
1895

:18
) ,( m1 = 0.7kg
. 0.14kg " . 3.2kg

N
m

N
m

r
v

, 4.1 10 4

. 2.6 10 6

, d = 16mm
. d = 1.1mm

r
v

?
v "
? ,

,
.
:
U = 12 kd 2

:
:

U = 12 4.1 10 4 0.016 2 = 5.2 J

U = 12 2.6 10 6 0.00112 = 1.6 J

,
5.2 J - , 1.6 J - .:
K = 12 (m1 + m2 )V 2 = U
2U
m1 + m2

m1v = (m1 + m2 )V

, :
:
:
:

=V

2U
m1 + m2

= 4 .2 m s

m1 + m2
m1

0.7 + 0.14
0.7

=v

0.7 + 3.2
0.7

=v

= V

25.2
0.7 + 0.14

= 5 .0 m s

m1 + m2
m1

=v

21.6
0.7 + 3.2

,
,
.

 "

'

-28-

'

:44 -
.
. - .
:34
35 ,

) 4 (.
:32
.
. ,
. 2
.

r
v2 t

.
) ( 1 1
) ( 2 . 2

r
v1i

m2

m1

1
r
v1t

) x (:
m1v1i = m1v1 f cos 1 + m2 v2 f cos 2

:
) ( :

0 = m1v1 f sin 1 + m2 v2 f sin 2

2

m1v1i = 12 m1v1 f + 12 m2 v2 f
2

1
2

7 2 : 3 m2 , m1 - v1i , v1 f , v2 f - , 1
. 2
4 , " .
" , .
:19

90 )
(.

r
v2t

r
v1t
r
v1i

 "

'

-29-

'

:
m1 v1i = m1 v1 f + m2 v2 f

:
m1 = m2 -:

v1i = v1 f + v2 f

:
2

m1v1i = 12 m1v1 f + 12 m2 v2 f
2

m1 = m2 -:

1
2

v1i = v1 f + v2 f
2

, v1 f v2 f . 90 -
:20
,
.

m A = 83kg M = m A + mB

. v A = 6.2 kmh

mB = 55kg

r
vA

mA

r
vB

mB

. vB = 7.8 kmh

?
:
M = m A + mB - V - .
: x

m Av A = MV cos

: y

mB vB = MV sin

557.8
= 83
= 40
6.2 = 0.834

= 4.86 kmh

8362

(83+55 )cos 40

mB v B
m Av A

= tan

m Av A
M cos

=V

:
2

K i = 12 m A v A + 12 mB v B = 12 83 6.2 2 + 12 55 7.8 2 == 3268 kghkm

2
2

:
:

K f = 12 MV 2 = 12 (83 + 55) 4.86 2 = 1618 kghkm

2
3268
= 16183268
= 0.505

K f Ki
Ki

= frac

 "

'

-30-

'

.
,
2
, . E = MC , .

.
:21
231

- , 235U , Th

U + 231Th

235

: 4 He

- . K = 460 MeV ?
:
0 = mTh vTh + m v

mTh vTh = m v

:
2

:
:

4.60 = 0.0797 MeV

4
231

= K

m
mTh

= K Th

mTh vTh = m v
2

mTh K Th = m K

K + K Th = 4.6 + 0.08 = 4.68MeV

= 1 .7 %

0.08
4.68

.
:22
:
:

d +d =t+ p

m p = 1.00783u md = 2.014104 mt = 3.01605u

) ( 1u = 931.5MeV
?
K d = 1.50 MeV .
90 , . 3.39 MeV
?
:
Q .
:

 "

'

-31-

'

Q = mc 2 = (2md mt m p )c 2 = (2 2.014104 3.01605 1.00783) 931.5 = 4.02 MeV

Q > 0 , Q < 0
. Q = 0 .
:

Q = Kt + K p + Kd

K t = Q K p + K d = 4.02 3.39 + 1.5 = 2.13MeV

md vd = mt vt cos

: x

0 = m p v p mt vt sin

y :

m pv p
mt vt

mv = m 2v 2 = 2mK

:
:

= sin

= 0.73 = 46.9

1.013.39
3.022.13

2m p K p
2 mt K t

= sin

. x :
= 0.68 = 46.8

, .

2.011.50
3.022.13

2 md K d
2 mt K t

= cos

 "

-32-

'

'

, .
, -
, . ,
.
)( )(.
.
. , .
) . : (.
. ,
.
)
( ,
)( +
.
, :
), ( ) , (.
),( ) , (
) ( ) (

,
.
6 3: 3- .
: , 3- .
3 .
.
.

 "

'

-33-

'

. ,
" . .

. .
.
. .
.
, .

. .
.
, s ) s
( ,

s
r

= .

, s , 2

1 rev = 2 rad
1 rad = 57.3

1 rev =360

, - 0 ,
. = 4 rad ,
, (t ) , .
1 - , 2 - :

= 2 1
) ( .
, . ,
,.
1 t1 2 . t2
2 1

:
, :

2 t1

d
dt

= t

= = lim t
t 0

 "

'

-34-

'

, .

rad
s

rev
s

rev
( min
, cycle
) , Hz
s

f , = 2f = 2 :
(.
, . t1
1 t2 , 2
:

2 1
2 t1

= t

t : 0 -
d
dt

= = lim t
t 0

,
.
rad s 2 . rev s 2
:1

= t 3 27t + 4 : t -
.
) (t ) ? (t
? = 0
t 0
:
= 3t 2 27

d
dt

= ) (t

= 6t

d
dt

= ) (t

0 = = 3t 2 27 t = 3s
t = 0 , ,
, .
t = 3s
.
:2
5 rad
. = 5t 3 4t t = 0 -
s
. = 2rad
.

 "

'

-35-

'

= t = (5t 3 4t )t = 54 t 4 2t 2 + c
c = 5 , t = 0 - c = 5 :

(t ) = 54 t 4 2t 2 + 5

' = w(t )dt = ( 54 t 4 2t 2 + 5)dt = 14 t 5 23 t 3 + 5t + c

' c = 2 , t = 0 2 = c' :

(t ) = 14 t 5 23 t 3 + 5t + 2

, .
.
:

= 0 + t

0 . t = 0:

= 0 + 0 t + 12 t 2

0 = 0 t + 12 t 2

0 = 12 ( + 0 )t

) 2 = 0 2 + 2 0t + 2 t 2 = 0 2 + 2 ( 0t + 12 t 2 ) = 0 2 + 2 ( 0

,:

x, 0 x0 , v, 0 v0 , a
:3
= 0.35 rad

s2
. 0 = 4.6 rad
s
?
5?
:

= 0 + t = 0 t = = 0.435.6 = 13s
0

5 2 = 0 = 0 t + 12 t 2 = 4.6t + 12 0.35t 2
:
:

0.175t 2 4.6t 31.4 = 0

= 32 s

4.6 4.6 2 + 40.17531.4

0.35

=t

 "

-36-

'
'

t < 0 .

,
?
, , ,
, ."
,
. ,
, .
r
, :
r
. , ,
r
. ,
. , .
r
r
, . = ddt :
r
, :
r
r
, : ,
r
) ( . ddt -
r
r
-
r
r
.
. ?
. -
r r r r
. . a + b = b + a ,
. x- y

, y- x
. . , ,
. , ,
, . .

 "

'

-37-

'

- ,
.
,

.
r
.
r
. . r
= r sin -
r
r
r
r , : r . , dt

d = dt , :

r
r

ds = d = dt = r sin dt

, :

= r sin

ds
dt

=v

r
r
- . r - , :
r
r r r
, v = r v .
r
r r
, , r v - .

, , . ,
r
, , v -
.
r
r
r
r r
r
, v = ddtr - , ddtr = r : : r
r
r
, . r
r
r .
r
r

r
r
, , - . dt:
r
r
d = d = d = sin dt
:

r r
=

r
d
dt

r
, .

.:
r
r
r r
d
d
dt = ( dt )R +
r
:
r
, .
.

 "

'

-38-

:
r
, v
:

'

r r r
v = r
r
r r
r r r r r r r r
) a = ddtv = ddt r + ddtr = r + ( r

) ( .
r r
r
, r .,
r
a .
r
r r
r . , -
r r
r
r r
, . r . r - ,
r r r
2
) ( r . 2 v = , 2 = v

r
r r r
) a R = ( r
r
r r
aT = r
r r r
a = aT + a R

. :

.
r
r
r
r
r r
r r r
a b c = (a c ) b a b c
:
r r r
r r r
r
r
r
r
:
( r ) = ( r ) 2 r = 2 r|| 2 r = 2 r

) (

r
r
v , :
r r r r r r r
) + v = r + ( r
:

( ddtv )R = r rr
r

= ( ddtv )R
r

r
dv
dt

:
r

, ,
. .
.

.
r
. r
:
:
:
:

r r r
v1 = 1 r
r
r r
v2 = 2 r
r r r
r r
r
v = v1 + v2 = (1 + 2 ) r

, :

r
+ 2

r
1

 "

'

-39-

'

r
1 ) ( ,
r
r
1 + 2
r
r
1 + 2
r
r
. 1 + 2
r

= ddt = ddt + ddt = 1 + 2

v
v
v
1 - 2 - 2 . :
v
1 :
:

2 = ddt = 0
2

r r
= 2 1
r r
r r
= 1 = 2 1
r
d1
dt

r
v
v
1 , 2 - .

.
r r r r r r
r r
r r r r
) a = r + ( r ) = ( 2 1 ) r + ( r
:
r r r
. = 1 + 2
.
r r
r
( 2 1 ) r .

.
. 0
r
r
p r . 0
r r r
r r
) L = r p = m(r v

r
r
r r
L , r . p - L ,
r
0 , L ,:
.
r
L

kg ms . Joule s -

r
, - , L

:
, .

= 1.055 10 34 J s

h
2

=h

 "

'

-40-

'

r
r
v , r -
r r r
v = v r + v
:
r
r r r
r r
L = mr (vr + v ) = mr v
:
r
r r
r
r
r vr = 0
r - v - : L

L = mrv

, ,:

v = r ddt

= mr 2

d
dt

L = mr 2

:
r
r
L . :
r r r
r r r r rr
a b c = (a c )b a b c
r
r
r r r
L = mr 2 m (r )r
:
r
r r
r
r = 0
r , - ,:
r
r
) (:
L = mr 2

) (

, 0

:
r
r
r
) torque - (turning moment r . F -

= rF sin

r r
r F - :
r
= r F
F , r - :
r
r r F . F

= rF

. N m , '
.
:

.
:
:

L = mr 2

5.78 10 24 kg :

1.47 1011 m

, 3.16 10 7 s:

= 2T = 1.98 10 7 s 1

 "

'

-41-

'

L = mr 2 = 5.98 10 24 (1.49 1011 ) 1.98 10 7 = 2.67 10 40 J s

2

, , m = 9.11 10 3 kg r = 5.29 10 11 m

rad
s

= 4.13 1016:

L = mr 2 = 9.11 10 31 (5.29 10 11 ) 4.13 1016 = 1.05 10 34 J s = h

r
, Fi , :
r
r r
r r
r
= r ( Fi ) = ri Fi = i
2

.
.
:4
z

20 N - xz
r
3m 30 F1 . x x
r
r
F2 . z F3 -
y . .

r
F1

r
F3

r
r

r
F2

:
x

1 = F1r sin(180 ) = 2 3 sin 150 = 3.0 Nm

2 = F2 r sin(180 60) = 2 3 sin 120 = 5.2 Nm
3 = F3 r sin 90 = 6 Nm
1 , xz . y
2 xz . y
r
3 xz . r - x 3 sin z

x = 3 x = 3 sin 30 = 3 Nm

. 3 cos :

y = 1 y + 2 y = 5.2 3 = 2.2 Nm
3 = 3 z = 3 cos = 6 cos 30 = 5.2 Nm

r
L :
r r r r r r r
= dtd r p = ddtr p + r + r ddtp

r
dL
dt

 "

'

-42-

'

r
r
r
r
ddtr = v p = mv - ,
r dpr
r
r r r
dL
=
r

F
=

F
. = dt
dt

: .
,
r
r
. ddtp = F .
= 0

r
dL
dt

: .

.

, , .
:5
A

m A ,

r
r

d . O
.
r
mg ?

r
p

:
) L = rp sin = mv(r sin

, r sin = d v = gt:

L = mg td

= rF sin = mg (r sin ) = mgd

dL
dt

=.

.
:
r
r r
, , - = r F
.
r
r
r
. F , , O
. . ,
, ,
.

rd
r
r

 "

'

-43-

'

, . ,
,
, .
r
r
L - . L -
r
L :

d
dt

L = mr 2

. .
. rd - dt
r
r - 12 r rd .
r
. L = 2 dA L ,
dt dA dt :

.

. .
: :
k
r2

=F

.
, ,
b b . .

r
F

. v0 -
:

d
dt

mv0b = mr 2

r
r

r
v0

,
v0
, mv0b , b . O
y:

k sin
r2

= = Fy = F sin

dv y
dt

,
1 d
v0b dt

. :
:

d
dt

sin

k
mv0b

=
=

1
r2
dv0
dt

dt - v y .
v0 sin

0 - v0 sin - 0 - . :

sin d
0

k
mv0 b

dv
0

 "

'

-44-

'

) [ cos ]0 = mvk b ( cos( ) + 1) = mvk b (1 + cos

0

= cot 2

2 cos 2 2
2 cos 2 sin 2

k
mv0b

= v0 sin

1+ cos 2 2 sin 2 2

2 cos 2 sin 2

mv0 2
k

1+ cos
sin

= cot 2

: .
- . ,
, . "
.

,
n
r n r
r r
L = Li = mi ri vi

,:

i =1

i =1

, O .
r r r
r
:
ri = ri rcm + rcm
r
rcm , :
n
r n
r r
r r r
r
r
(
)
L = mi ri rcm vi + mi rcm vi = Lcm + rcm p
i =1

i =1

r
Lcm , : O
r
p - :

r n
r
p = mi vi
i =1

r
r
rcm p , -
r
Lcm .

+
.
, . ,
r
+ Lcm .
.
:

r
r r
r r
Lcm = m1 (r1 rcm ) v1 + m2 (r2 rcm ) v2

 "

'

-45-

'

r
r

m2
m1 + m2

r
r
m2 r1 m2 r2
m1 + m2

r
r
r r
r
= r1 rcm = r1 m1mr11 ++mm22r2

r r r
r = r1 r2

:
r
r - 1 . 2
r
r
r
= mm1r12+mm21r1 = m1m+1m2 r
:

r r
r r
r r
) r v1 mm11+mm22 r v2 = (r v

m1m2
m1 + m2

r
r
r r
r
r2 rcm = r2 m1mr11++mm22r2
m1m2
m1 + m2

r
= Lcm

r r r
= v = v1 v2 - 1

r
. 2 Lcm - ,
1 . 2
. 1
r
r
2 r . v

) ( m1 << m2 , m1
. m1 : . ,
, .
,
,
.
" .

.
r
E cm = 12 v 2
:
.
:
r

= i = ri Fi
i =1

i =1

r
r
ri i - 0 Fi -
r
. i - Fi :
r
Fi ext
i - :
i - :

n
r
r
Fi int = ' Fij
j =1

 "

'

-46-

'

r
Fij j - i - '- -

j i.
, . :

int = ri Fi int = ' ri Fij

i =1

i =1 j =1

i j i j

int = ' ri F ji

j =1 i =1

r
, int :

) int = 12 ( ' ri Fij + ' ri F ji

i =1 j =1

j =1 i =1

(r

int = 12 ri Fij + r j F ji
i =1 j =1

r
r
Fij = F ji

int = 12 (ri r j ) Fij

i =1 j =1

r
r r
Fij , ) ri r j ( ,

.
, ,
-
r
int = 0
. :

= iext = ext

i =1

? :
r
dL
dt

r
dL
dt

i =1

d
dt

r
dLi
dt

= = i
i =1

=
r ext

i =1

r
r
F ext = ddtp
. :

 "

'

-47-

'

:
.
:

r r

ext = ri Fi = (ri rcm ) Fi + rcm Fi = cm + rcm F

i =1

i =1

i =1

cm . .
r r
r
r
L = Lcm + rcm p
:
:

r
r
r
r
+ rcm ddtp + ddtrcm p

r
= vcm

r
drcm
dt

r
dLcm
dt

r
dL
dt

r
r
r ext r
= ext = cm
+ rcm F

r
dL
dt

r
r
+ rcm F

r
, p - :

r
dLcm
dt

r
dL
dt

r ext
= cm

r
dLcm
dt

, L -
. , ,
r
r
ddtL = ext . ,
.

, ,
, )
( , ) ( ) ( . :
, .
, . :
. ,
. :
, . 0 -
.
, , .
r
r r
r
r r
r
:
ri Fi = (ri g )mi = Mrcm g = rcm Mg

=
i

 "

'

-48-

'

, ,
r
cm = 0
. :
:6
.
.
: . ,
r
r
. ext - ,- cm ,
r
r
rcm F = 0
:
r
) F(
. 0 , .
:7
r
F

r
F

A , B - 4
.

1 .5 m

1m

1 .5 m

r
F3 = 100 N

. 4kg

1m

1m

2m

r
mg

r
F1 = 200 N

r
F4 = 300 N

A. B -

r
F2 = 500 N

F + F 200 500 4 g 100 300 = 0

F + F '= 1139 N

:
: A

= = 200( 1) + F 0 + ( 500) 2 + ( 39) 3 + ( 100) 4.5 + F '5.5 + ( 300) 7

= 200 1000 117 450 + F '5.5 2100 = 5.5 F '3467 = 0

F' = 3467 / 5.5 = 630 N

F = 1139 F' = 1139 630 = 509 N

:8
20kg , 60

r
F3

.
A. B -
, A .
:

r
F2
r
F3

60

r
F1

 "

'

-49-

'

F3 - F1 = 0

. :

F2 - mg = 0

2 3 . .
r
. B :
) = mg (0.5L cos 60) F3 (L sin 60

F3 = 0.5mg cot 60 = 0.5 20 9.8 0.577 = 56.6 N

:
:

F1 = F3 = 56.6 N

F2 = mg = 20 9.8 = 196N

:7 ,
"
.

r
F

:6
:

m1 x1 + m2 x2 = m3 x3

x2

m2

x1 x3
m3
m1

:8 - :
,6 " .
.

.

 "

'

-50-

'

:9 -
.
.
.
.
:10
.
.

r > h . h > r

.
:
. -
,
) (
.
:

h tan < r

,
, .
h<r

>> , 1 ,:

h < r

, h > r
, .
" h > r . r > h -
.
:
. :
r ext
= cm

r
dLcm
dt

, .
.
N = mg sin f s :

= tan

fs
N

f s = n tan

, .

 "

'

-51-

'

)(moment of ineratia
, , ":
r n
r r
L = mi ri vi
i =1

, , mi -
dV dV - . , ,
r
r r
:
L = (r v )dV
.
r r r
r
r
v = r
v : r
r
,
r
r r r
. :
L = r ( r )dV

) (

r r r
r r r r rr
a b c = (a c )b a b c
r r r r r r r r
r ( r ) = r 2 (r )r
r
r
r r r
L = r 2 dV ( r ) r dV

:
:
:

= Lx = r 2 dV x ( x x + y y + z z ) xdV

: Lx
z

xydV

xydV

x ) dV x

(r

I xx = (r 2 x 2 )dV = ( y + z 2 )dV

I xy = xydV
I xz = xzdV

Lx = I xx x + I xy y + I xz z

L y = I yx x + I yy y + I yz z
Lz = I zx x + I zy y + I zz z
I yy = ( x 2 + z 2 )dV

I zz = ( x 2 + y 2 )dV
I zx = I xz

I yz = I zy = yzdV

I yx = I xy

r
L :

 "

'

-52-

'

r
r
L = I

I ) 3 3 I ( kg m 2
I xz

I yz
I zz

I xx

I = I yx
I
zx

I xy
I yy
I zy

I . " .
r
r
I - , L .
r
r
: L , : ,
z , y , x , I )
r
I ( L .
r
r r
r2 r

dV
:

r
r
r
. r 2 ) r

r r
r
r
r
r( . , r , r -
r
r
. r .
r
. - .
r
r
, L , ,
r
r
r
r
L , .:
ext = ddtL
, , . ,
z y , x , , z y , x

I xy = I xz = I yz = 0

I ,:

0
I xx 0

:
I = 0 I yy 0
0

0 I zz

r
z y , x ) .(principal axis ,
r
, . x:

0 I xx

0 0 = 0
I zz 0 0
r
L . x , L - I xx:

I
r xx
L= 0
0

0
I yy
0

I xx = y 2 + z 2 dV

 "

'

-53-

'

x y 2 + z 2 . -
x
r
r
, L - . L -
r
x .
r
, y:
L x = Lz = 0
L y = I yy

r
z:

Lx = L y = 0
Lz = I zz

.
r
r
) I (L = I :
r
r
:
p = mv
) ( ,
r
d
dt

=I

r
dL
dt

= I

r
r
F = ma

.
,
, .
z :

I = I zz = x 2 + y 2 dV

x 2 + y 2 = R 2 R -
:
r
, z :

I = R 2 dV = MR 2
Lz = I zz z

Lx = I xz z
L = I
yz z
y
I xz = xzdV

 "

'

-54-

'

x - , -.
, x - , - x
I xy = 0

. ,:

, . .

I = I yy = x 2 + z 2 dV

y -

z :
I = x 2 dV

Rd

x = R cos

:
:

= 12 MR 2

[12 sin 2 + ]02

MR 2
4

= 12 (cos 2 + 1)d

MR 2
2

= R cos d
2

=0

M
2

= I yy

I xx = 12 MR 2

,:
:

M
2R

= dV

[ 12 cos 2 ]02

MR 2
4

= sin 2d

MR 2
4

2
= R cos sin d

M
2

= I xy = xydV

, R1 . R2 ,
. , I zz :
R2

I = R 2 (2R)dR

.:

R1

R2

= R2 R1

= 12 R2 R1

R1

R2
R1

I = 2 r 3 dr = 2 r4

R1
R2

M = dV = (2r )dr = 2 r2

R1

I = L2 M R1 + R2
2

R2

+ R2

) R1 = 0 ( , R2 = R ,

(R

L
2

I
M

I = 12 MR 2

. I = MR 2 :
, .
) , K - (gyration radius :

I = MK 2

I
M

=K

 "

'

-55-

'

, K = R : :

= . K

R
2

, , xy ,:
I xx = y 2 dV
I yy = x 2 dV
I zz = ( x 2 + y 2 )dV
I zz = I xx + I yy

I xx + I yy + I zz = ( y 2 + z 2 + x 2 + z 2 + x 2 + y 2 )dV = 2 r 2 dV

I xx = I yy = I zz

:
:

dV

dV = 4r 2 dr:

R5
5

2
4
r dV = 4 r dr = 4
0

3M
4R 3

M
3
R 3
4

M
V

= 53 MR 2

3M R5
4R 3 5

dV = 4

r
0

dV = 25 MR 2

2
3

= I xx = I yy = I zz

dV
r

.
. , I

cm
O

P , z
O .:

I = r 2 dV = ( x a ) + ( y b ) dV

= x 2 + y 2 dV 2a xdV 2b ydV + a 2 + b 2 dV

 "

'

-56-

'

x - y - ,

ydV = 0 -

xdV = 0

I = I cm + Mh 2

h P . P

+ )( , P
.
, . , ,
I .
, I xy = I xycm Mab -
, . xy ,
I xycm 0 , . 0
I xy + I yz . z - , 0 0
.
, ,-
, . z - x -
:

+ L8 = 121 ML2
3

M L3
3L 8

M x3 2
L 3 L
2

2
= x dx

= + y dV

L2

= 13 ML2

:
, :

L
2

M
L

L
M x3
L 3 0

(x
L

= x dx
2

M
L

I = I cm + M ( 12 L ) = 121 ML2 + 14 ML2 = 13 ML2

2

. ) ( . ,
, .
) (
.' , ,

. ,
.

r
T

:9
. =

r
mg

 "

'

-57-

'

= 2.5kg R = 20cm . m = 1.2

m ,
, .
:
: m

= TR

= I = 12 MR 2

, . :

a = R

:
, a - ) ( ) (.
:

TR = 12 MaR T = 12 Ma

12 Ma mg = ma

mg = (m + 12 M )a a = m+mg1 M = 22mmg
+M
2

Mmg
2m+ M

=T

) = Ra = R (22mmg+ M
a = 22.14.2+29..58 = 4.8 sm2

T = 12 2.5 ( 2.8) = 6 N

= Ra = 04..28 = 24 rad
s
2

, g - .
:10
.
5.9m v = 20 ms
. . 0.5 10 3 kg m 2
.
) ( . 0.15s
?
:
20 ms 59m
= 0.295s
:

5.9
20

= 2t = 0.2295
= 21.3 rads

L = I = 0.5 10 3 21.3 = 10.6 10 3 J s

 "

'

-58-

'

10
= Lt = 10.06.15
= 0.071N m

:

. .
: ,
. L = I ,
I . ) (

I , -
.
.
, .
. ,
. .
w
.
.
, . , ,voyager 2
1986
.
. , . ,

600-800 .
:11
.
. , . I o = 6.8kg m 2
1.2kg m 2 : i = 3.9 revs
. 180o - ,
. ?
:
:
:

Li = i I
Li

 "

'

-59-

'

2 Li

. :
= 2 3.9 16..28 = 1.4 revs

= 2IL = 2 i

I
I0

- , .
, ,
. , +
,
.
:12
, .
1.87 s : . ,
, I1 = 19.9kg m 2 : . ,
, . I 2 = 5.5kg m 2 :
1 ?
4 , 1 , t
. I 2 ?
:
t1 - , t2 -
. . t1 + t2 = 1.87 s : 1 , 2 -
.:

1 = t

2 = t

1 = 0.5rev

2 = 2.5rev
1

:
:

rev
s

I1
I2

I11 = I 2 2

= 2

t = t1 + t 2 = 11 + 22 = 11 11 + 2 II12

) = (0.5 + 2.5 ) = 0.637

5. 5
19.9

I 2 = I1 1t 2 1 = 19.9 0.63731..587 0.5 = 3.93kg m 2

1
1.87

I2
I1

1 = 1t 1 + 2
I2
I1

1t = 1 + 2

 "

'

-60-

'

I ." 3

1887 85 4.
4 ?
:
.9
rad
1 = 19
3.93 0.637 = 3.23 s

I1
I2

= 2

T = 12 = 3.123 = 0.310s

:
13:

4 M d = 1m

.+

= 2 rads

:
4

m v = 12 ms

60

.
. M = 3m f
.
:
r
. . l -
.
I i = 43 Md 2

I i1 + l = 43 Md 21 + l

:
, + :
:
I11 + l - :
, l = mv1d1 ,1:
l = 0 ,2:
, l = mv1 d 1 3:
, l = mv1d1 sin 30 ,4:

I f = I i + md 2 = 43 Md 2 + md 2

)
)+ l

Md 2 + md 2 f = 5md 2 f = I11 + l

4
3

= I f f

f = 5 md1 (4md 21
2

(4d1 v1 ) = 12 ( 4.2 1.2) = 4 rads

1
5d

= wf

f = 54 1 = 1.6 rads
f = 51d (4d1 + v1 ) = 15 ( 4.2 + 12 ) = 0.8 rads
f = 51d (4d1 + v1 sin 30) = 15 ( 4 2 + 12 12 ) = 0.4 rads

 "

'

-61-

'

:65 -
. .
, ) ( . .
: .
:66 -

.

mg

:69
. .
, . I
:71 - +'
.
.
. , 180 o -
.
:67 -
, .
,
, ,
.
:54 -
.

,
) ( .
.
- 55 :
,66
. m , .
+ .

 "

'

-62-

'

.
, .
r r2
:
k = 12 v 2 dV = 12 ( r ) dV

) (r rr )2 = (r rr ) (r rr

r r
r
v r :

(r rr ) vr

.
r r r rr r r
:
]) (r v ) = [r ( r
:

r r

r ( r )dv

1
2

r r

r r

= w [r ( r )]dV

i j

r
r
) k = 12 (I

I = I
j

1 ij

i, j

1
2

1
2

r
= (I )i
i

i, j

I xz x

I yz y
I zz z

I :

1
2

r r
K = 12 L

L :
r
r
L = I:
i' j

=K

I xy
I yy
I zy

=K

1
2

i, j

I xx

z ) I yx
I
zx

K = 12 ( x y

x 2 + I yy y 2 + I zz z 2

XX

(I

=K

1
2

- Lxx x
Lyy Lzz:

2
1 L2xx Lyy L2zz
+
+
2 I xx I yy I zz

L2
2I

, z:
:

p2
2m

. :

= K = 12 I 2

= K = 12 mv 2

r
m F

=k

r
F
r
FR

r
FT
r

 "

'

-63-

'

K = K f K i = 12 mr 2 f 12 mr 2 i = 12 I f i
2

f 2 i 2 = 2

I f i = 2 I = 2

1
2

K = d

r
F , :
2

W = d
1

x2

W = Fdx

x1

d
dt

dW
dt

=P

.
:14
m R = 0.15m
A

, m L = 2 R
.
.
m-

?R
.
?
:
I 0 = 12 mR 2

B , 0 ,

I = mR 2

mL2 = 13 mR 2

A:

1
12

2 R , :
I A = 13 mR 2 + m(2 R ) 2 = 133 mR 2

+ I B + I A = 12 mR 2 + mR 2 + 133 mR 2 = 5.83mR 2 I = I

 "

'

-64-

'

. .
:

=R

0 + mR + M 2 r
3m

ycm = R:

myo + my B + my A
3m

= ycm

U = 3mg 2r = 6mgr

K = 12 I 2 : K + U = 0 :
I 2 = 6mgr 2 = 512.83gR

= 11.6 rad
s

1
2

,
r
vcm

r
vcm

P1

, .
t . s
. s . . s = R
= R ddt = R

:
= vcm ,

ds
dt

vcm = R

ds
dt

r
vcm

r
2 vcm

r r
v = vcm

. acm = R

r
P v =0

r
r
v = vcm

. , P,
. 2vcm
. P
,
2vcm 2 R:

= 22vR = vR

cm

vcm R

cm

vcm
R

= .

 "

'

-65-

'

O ) - m ( I cm = mR 2
, P :

I P = I cm + mR 2 = 2mR 2

P:

LP = I P = I cm + mR 2
r r
r r
L = Lcm + r p
r
p = mvcm = mR

:
r
p :

r r
r p = mR 2

r
r
r p:

, L cm:

r r
Lcm + r p = I cm + mR 2 = I cm + mR 2 = I P

. L P - :
P :
2

+ mR 2 2 = 12 I cm 2 + 12 mvcm

cm

(I

1
2

= K = 12 I P 2

, O :
2

K = 12 I cm 2 + 12 mvcm

. I cm
.
,
.
.

r
. F , O
F f s = ma : ,
a
R

:
:
:

F
m + IRcm2

=a

= f s R = I cm = I cm

F = ma + f s = m + IRcm2 a

a
F

I cm
R2

I cm
I cm + mR 2

= fs
= fs

f s , . F f s -
, .

 "

'

-66-

'

:15
M = 1.4kg R = 8.5cm
. vcm = 15 cms
?
?
?
?
:
v = 2vcm = 30 cms = 0.3 ms
.15
= vR = 00.085
= 1.8 rads
cm

= K = 12 I cm 2 + 12 mvcm = 12 12 MR 2 2 + 12 Mvcm = 14 Mvcm + 12 Mvcm

2

= 34 MVcm = 34 1.4 0.15 2 = 0.024 J

2

2
3

1
Mvcm 2
2
3
Mvcm 2
4

= frac

:16
M = 7.2kg R = 11cm
= 34 . L = 2.1m ?
:
. MgL sin
2
:
K = 12 I cm 2 + 12 mvcm = 12 25 MR 2 2 + 12 Mvcm = 15 Mvcm + 12 Mvcm = 0.7 Mvcm
2

= 4.1 ms

9.82.1sin 34
0. 7

gLsin
0. 7

= vcm

0.7 Mvcm = MgL sin

2

:17
: , M R
L = 2.5m . 12
?
?
:

+ M vcm = MgL sin

2

1 I cm
2 R2

= K = 12 I cm 2 + 12 mvcm
2

gL sin
I cm
+1
MR 2

= vcm

 "

'

-67-

'

I cm
MR 2

- , 25

) ( 1 ) .( 12 .
29.82.5sin 12
1+1

= vcm

= 2.3 ms

= 2.6 ms

10.2
1.5

= vcm

= 2.7 ms

10.2
1.4

= vcm

10.2
2

:18
r
N

r
fs

r
mg sin

:
?

r
mg

? f s

r
mg cos

? L
:

mg sin = ma

F = f

a - ,
.
.
N .
" f s :

= fs R
) (-
f s = I cmR 2a

I cm a
R

= = I cm f s R

:
I cm
f s mg sin = I cmR 2a mg sin = ma g sin = a (1 + mR
) 2

g sin
I cm
1 + mR
2

a=

.
,

a -

= mg sin R

= I = ( I cm + mR 2 ) Ra = mg sin R

 "

'

-68-

'

I cm a g sin I cm mg sin
=
= mR 2
R2
R 2 + Imcm
I cm +1
2 gL sin
I cm
1 + mR
2

fs =

= v 2 = 2aL

, .

. R0 -
. R -
:
T Mg = Ma

R0

= TR0 = I
= Ra0
a
R0 2

t = I

Mg = Ma

. :
:

1 + MRI 2

a
R0 2

Mg = ( M + RI 2 )a a =
0

I
MR0 2

, .

:19
b = 8.5mm R = 3.5cm

. R0 = 3.2mm = 8400 mkg

3

?
?
?
:
:
:

M = 2(R 2 )b = 2 0.035 2 0.0085 8400 = 0.550kg

I = 12 MR 2 = 12 0.55 0.0352 = 3.37 10 4 kg m 2

 "

'

-69-

'

= 0.16 sm2

9.8
4

1 + 0.355.370.10
0032 2

I
MR0 2

0.16
= 3.37 10 4 0.0032
2 = 5.27 N

1+

a
R0 2

a=

T = I

.
, ,
.
.
.
.

z

. z

. m -
m

R .

r
F

r
L

, , 2mR 2 -

. z ,

m
r
F

I zz = 2mR 2 sin 2

R sin :

I zz = mi ( yi + xi ) = mi R 2 sin 2 = 2mR 2 sin 2

2

0 - :

I xx = mi ( yi + zi ) = 2mR 2 cos 2
2

I yy = mi ( xi + zi ) = 2mR 2
2

I xz = mi xi zi = 2mR 2 sin cos

:
2mR 2 sin cos

2
2
2mR sin

0

z = 0 ::


r

r
L - . z :

0
2mR 2
0

2mR 2 cos 2

I =
0
2mR 2 cos sin

2mR 2 sin cos

r
r
L = I =
0

2mR 2 sin 2

L = Lx + Ly + Lz = 2mR 2 sin
2

 "

'

-70-

'

r
L
L . xz , Lxzz = tan : x
r
r
. L . L ,
r r r
r
r
, L = r p r - p -

.
r
L ,:

=0
r r r r
+ L = L

) (

r
dL
dt R

) (

r
dL
dt R

r
dL
dt

r
=

r
dL
dt

=L

:
r r
r
- , L - , . y :

= L sin(90 ) = 2mR 2 sin cos 2

? ,
, , . m 2 R sin -
, R cos - , mR 2 sin cos 2 : ,
, = 2m 2 R 2 sin cos : , . y
.
-
. z
x .:

Lz = I zz z = 2mR 2 sin
Lx = I xx x = 0 cos = 0

, L - . , z
r
r
r
r r r r
dL
dL
L .:
dt = dt R + L = L

) (

= L sin(90 ) = 2 mR 2 sin cos = 2mR 2 2 sin cos

r
dL
dt

. I 3 3 , 3
r
r
, ( I )u i = I i u i : I i
r
u i - .

 "

'

-71-

'

u1T

R = u 2T
uT
3

r
) u iT u i ( . :
1 0 0

u3 ) = 0 1 0
0 0 1

u2

u1T

R R T = u 2T (u1
uT
3

r
r
r
r
( I ) = R L = RI = RIR 1 R

. R T = R 1 :
r
r
r
r
RL L R .
. , RIR 1 - I
.:

(u1 , u 2 , u 3 ) = u T

u1T

= RIR T = RI (u1 , u 2 , u 3 ) = u 2T
uT
3

0
I 3

0
I2
0

RIR

I1

0
0

r
r
u i R ,
r
r
r
, = uu1:

1
1

u1 1 = 0 1 = 0

0
0

u1T

R = u 2T
uT
3

r
1 R 2 , 3 -

r
r
L = I .
:

 "

'

-72-

'

0 1 I 1 1

0 2 = I 2 2
I 3 3 I 3 3

I
r 1
L=0
0

I2
0
r
r
r
r
, L . - L - ,
r
r
dL
, . , dt R 0 ,
r
r
r
r r
r r
dL
dL
dL
=
+

L
=
0

L
:
dt
dt R
dt R

) (

) (

r
- ,

) (

r
dL
dt R

) (

. :
2

L2 = I 1 1 + I 2 2 + I 3 3
2

r
r
r
L ) (

. .polhode
.
.
. ,
.
, 15m - 427.

'
Z0

r
r
L = I

Y0

r
W

X0

 "

-73-

'
'

' , .
. '
, .
,
, ,
- .'
) ( , .
.
W
'
r
dL
dt

. :

. .
:

r r
r
= ( ddtL )R + L

r
dL
dt

=0

) (

r
dL
dt R

r
- .

, , :
. .
,
.
<<
'
r
.

,
,
- .
.

)
(

 "

'

-74-

'

2327 ,

. 27725 : . :

= 7.19 10 11 rads
, ,
) " ( .
135" " .Hipparchus
9.2 19 .
. 72.
' . , ,"
. - ,
,
' . '
" .
:70 -
.
.
)
(.
:73
. .
r
. L
. ,
.
:72'
. '
. '
.

 "

'

-75-

'

O , O O -
r r r
r
rP = ro + rP
. a:
r
r r
vP = vo + vP
:

P
r
rP

r
rP
r O
rO

r
r
r
a P = ao + a P

O . :
r
O , ao = 0 O - O -
r
r r
a P = a P aO
O :
P , ,
r
, aP
r
, , maO , m
r
. maO ) ( .
,
.
r
: a
r
r
r
r
r
r r
) N mg = ma N = m( g + a
N :
,
r
r r
r
m( g + a ) - mg , ma
, .
r
: a

r
a

, ,
r
. : a
.
r
r
r
T T a

 "

'

-76-

'

r
T .

. ,
r
r
. r = xi + yj + zk : r
i , j , k
) (.
r
r = xi + y j + z k

i , j , k
.
' O :

:
r
r ' , O:

r
v = ddtx i + ddty j + ddtz k
r r
v = ddtr

i + ddty j + ddtz k + x ddti + y ddtj + z ddtk

dx
dt

r
=v

r
. v :

r
= i

di
dt

. :

r
= j

dj
dt

r
= k

dk
dt

r r
r
r
r
v = v + x i + y j + z k
:
r r r r
v = v + r
:
r r
r

.
r
r
r r
dB
dB
:
dt = ( dt )R + B
r
r r
r r
a = ddtv = ddtv + ddtr
:

 "

'

-77-

'

dk
dt

+ vz

dj
dt

+ vy

di
dt

dv

i + dty j + ddtvz k + vx

dvx
dt

r
dv
dt

r r
r r
r r
r r r
= a + v x i + v y j + v z k = a + v

r r r r r r r r r r r r r
= ) a = a + v + v = a + v + (v + r
r
r r r r r
) = a + 2 v + ( r

.
- ,
.
,
, ) (
r
. v

r
v

.
r
. v -
r ,

r
v

= . t

= t ,
s = r = r t = v t 2

s = 12 ac t 2
s t 2 a c :
r
a c = 2v
:
r
r r
r
) . 2 v . v
r r
r
r r
a c = 2 v
, v:
r r r
s r
r r
) a = a 2 v ( r
:

r
a:
r
r r
) m ( r
:
r r
2m v
:
r
. v ,
r r r
. , v = v + r
r
r . ,
:

= 1r v 2 + 2vr + 2 r 2

v2
r

-78-

"

'

v 2
r

'

2 r .

2v .
r r
. v
:74 -
, . .
.
:75
.
. .

.
r
:
= 7.292 10 5 rads
r
g 0 - :
r r r
r r
r r
) a = g 0 2 v ( r
,
,
:
r
r r
r r r
) g = a = g 0 ( r
r
g 0 ,
r
, g .

r r r
) ( r

.
r
r r
- ( r ) -
r
r r
, ) ( r . cos -
r
r r
r r
r , r sin(90 ) = r cos ) ( r 2 r cos

2 r cos = 3.3 10 2 cos sm -

2

r
0.3% - . g 0 - . 2 r cos 2 :

 "

-79-

'
'

) ( ) ( -
r
, 2 r cos sin , g g 0 2 r cos 2 :
) ( ) ( . 2 r cos sin
= 45o -
.
r
r
, v v -
r r
2 v .
r

- .

. .
r
r
r

, v - -

r
.
cos - )
( ) ( . sin
r
r r
2 v - . a H = 2v sin :
r
v -
r
. v -
0 -
.

" .

.

.

."
.

 "

'

-80-

'

S
) (a

) (b

. , 12
. , , . 180o / 12 = 15o
, sin -
, sin , . 15 sin
" Foucoult 1851
67' Les-Invalides . .
.

B
B

B
W
A

A
S A

) (b

W
B

E
A
A
A

A S

) (a

 "

'

-81-

'

:1

.
:
r
r
r r
. 2 v v - , 90 + :

. 2v sin (90 + ) = 2v cos

:

x = 13 gt 3 cos

= 2gt 2 cos

dx
dt

= 2gt cos

d 2x
dt 2

) (

=t

1
2

, h h = 12 gt 2 - :
:

( ) cos = ( ) cos
1
2

8 h3
g

3
2

1
3

2h
g

2h
g

x = 13 g

x = 2.2 10 5 h 2 cos

g = 9.8 = 7.3 10 5 -:

x = 2.2 cos cm

, 100m :
, :

= 2 r cos sin

= r cos sin t 2 = gh 2 r cos sin

cos sin = 0.34h cos sin 10 2

h = 100m , 34cm sin cos .

d2y
dt 2

1
2

(3.34 10

=y
h
9.8

 "

'

-82-

'

:
.
,"
F = kx k x , )
, x( .,
. U ( x ) = 12 kx 2
E = K + U = 12 mv 2 + 12 kx 2 = const

, x ) : x v -
( v . .
. ,
:

= mk x

d 2x
dt 2

F = ma m ddt 2x = kx
2

.
. et :
. sin t , cos t :

et = et
et = 2 et

d
dt

d2
dt 2

, - 2 .
sin t = cos t

sin t = 2 cos t

x = sin t -

k
m

d
dt

d2
dt 2

= . 2
cos t = sin t

cos t :

cos t = 2 sin t

d
dt

d2
dt 2

. 2
cos t sin t -:
:

x = a sin t + b cos t

= a sin t + b cos t
= a 2 sin t b 2 cos t = 2 x

dx
dt

d 2x
dt 2

 "

'

-83-

'

. - x -

) x = A cos(t +

. :
:

) A cos(t + ) = A cos(t ) cos( ) A sin(t ) sin(

) b = A sin(

) a = A cos(
= tan

. A - a b -:

b
a

a2 + b2 = A
A , A : -
) A cos(t + ) = A cos(t + +

A . .
t 2:

m
k

= 2

=T

= 2

T = 2

(t + T ) = t + 2

, , ,:
v Hz = 1s -

k
m

1
2

= v = T1

. -
. rad
s

x x

, A . xy ,
. A -

. , , . t = 0
x = x0 v = v0 -:
= A sin (t + ) v0 = A sin

dx
dt

=v

x0 = A cos
2

A = x0 + v0

tan = xv00

A , x . x A . A A
.
, , :
:

:

k
m

= 2:

) U = 12 kx 2 = 12 kA2 cos 2 (t +
) K = 12 mv 2 = 12 mA 2 2 sin 2 (t +
) = 12 kA 2 2 sin 2 (t +
E = K + U = 12 kA2

 "

'

-84-

'

E) , ( t -
mv 2 + 12 kx 2 = 12 kA 2

. :

x2

(A

1
2

v=

k
m

x = A x = 0 .
:

[1 + cos 2(t + )]dt

T
= 21T kA2 [12 t + 41 sin 2(t + )]0 = 14 kA 2 + 8T1 kA 2 [sin 2(T + ) sin 2 ] = 14 kA 2 = 12 E
T

kA 2

1
0 2

1
2T

= kA 2 cos 2 (t + )dt
T

1
2T

= U = T1 U (t )dt
0

K = 12 E

, , .
:

r
mg .

. , mg sin :

.
sin :

F = mg = mg xl = mgl x

l .
" " k:

mg
l

r
T
r
mg sin

:
g
l

k
m

r
mg

l
g

T = 2

, ) (
.
) .(! l
, , sin :

sin 4 2m + ...

32
42

sin 2 2m + 212

1
22

(1 +

l
g

T = 2

m . m = 15 . 0.5%
, , .

 "

'

-85-

'

, :

= I = I ddt = I ddt =

. :

= I

:
I

T = 2

d 2
dt 2

R P

,:

= Mgd sin

= Mgd

d 2
dt 2

= I = I

= Mgd
I

Mgd
I

d 2
dt 2

d
C

r
mg

=
I
Mgd

T = 2

d = l - I = Ml 2
:

l
g

T = 2

, : +-
, . -
- . -
. , -
.
m1 , , m2 -
- ,

x
m1

m2

 "

'

-86-

'

. k x1 - . x2 - :

x = ( x1 x2 ) l
l . m1:
2

m1 ddt x21 = kx
d 2 x2

= kx

m2 :

dt 2

m2

) ," (.
m2 - m1 - :

= m2 kx m1kx

dt 2

dt 2

(x1 x2 ) = kx

:
=

d 2 x2

m1m2

d 2 x1

m1m2
m1 + m2

. :

l . :

m1m2

m1m2 d 2
m1 + m2 dt 2

(x1 x2 ) = ddt x

d2
dt 2

+ k x = 0

d 2x
dt 2

, x
) ( , , -
:

+ m12

1
m1

" .
,
.

. .
F = m ddt 2x = b dx
kx
dt
2

+ mk x = 0

dx
dt

+ mb

d 2x
dt 2

, ,
:
:

) x = Aet cos(t +

) = Aet cos(t + ) Aet sin(t +

dx
dt

 "

'

-87-

'

) = A 2et cos(t + ) 2 Aet sin(t + ) A 2et cos(t +

d 2x
dt 2

:
A 2et cos(t + ) 2 Aet sin(t + ) A 2et cos(t + ) +

Aet cos(t + ) mb Aet sin(t + ) + mk Aet cos(t + ) = 0

b
m

, t ) et cos(t +
) et sin(t + :

A 2 A 2 + mb A + mk A = 0
2 A mb A = 0 = 2bm

, A -:
) ( 2bm

k
m

= 2 2bm 2 + mk = 0 2
2

k
m

) = 0 2 ( 2bm

= 0 .:

) cos(t +

b2
4m2

2bm t

x = Ae
x

. :
:

0 > 2bm

b
2m

= 0

( At + B )et

b
2

< 0 Aet 2

, 2 - :
Ae1t + Be 2t

+ mk x = 0

dx
dt

+ mb

d 2x
dt 2

. x = et
:

2et + mb et + mk et = 0

 "

'

-88-

'

et - :

2 + mb + mk = 0

( 2bm )2 mk

:
-

b
2m

= 2bm

) 2 = mk ( 2bm ) = 0 2 ( 2bm

> , 0 :

= 2bm i

( 2bm + i )t

x :-

,e

( 2bm i )t

) cos(t

,:

) sin (t

)= e
)
)= e

( 2bm i )t

2bm t

2bm t

( 2bm i t

2bm t

:
- . ,

b
2m

+e

((e
((e

2bm + i )t
2bm + i )t

1
2
1
2i

x = A cos(t + )e

< , 0 :

( 2bm )2 0 2

= 2bm

x = Ae 1t + Be 2t

2 , - :

" , . .

, :-

= 2bm
2bm t

, x -:

x = ae
2bm t

, .

t e

:
2bm t

+ ( 2bm ) t e
2

= 0 :

2bm t

2bm t

, x = mb e

+ ( 2bm ) t e
2

2bm t

2bm t

2bm t e

2bm 2 t e
2

2bm t

2bm t

+ mb e

, x = e

2bm t

2bm t

+ ( 2bm ) t e
2

2bm t

2bm t

mb e

x = ( A + Bt ) e
2bm T

. :
2

x = t e

1 e

= .T

, :
, mb T << 1 , :
:
Q - :

mb T

= 1 e

= 1 mb T

mb T

= mb T
m
bT

E
E

E
E

=Q

 "

'

-89-

'

Q , .

Fext = Fm cos t
:
cos t

= + mk x

Fm
m

dx
dt

+ mb

F = m ddt 2x = b dx
kx + Fm cos t
dt
2

d 2x
dt 2

- :

0 2 = mk
) 2 = 0 2 ( 2bm

: -

x -

x = A sin t + B cos t

. :

= A cos t B sin t

= A 2 sin t + B 2 cos t

dx
dt

d 2x
dt 2

:
cos t

Fm
m

= A 2 sin t B 2 cos t + mb A sin t mb B sin t + mk A sin t + mk B cos t

t sin t :
( 2 0 ) A
2

m
b

= B

A( 2 0 ) = B mb

A=0

A 2 mb B +

k
m

cos t : Fmm -
Fm
m

= A

b
m

B( 2 0 ) +
2

B ,:

] = F b
m

) +b
2

2 2

A m2 2 0

Fm
m

Fm
m

:
:

= 0 + mb A
2

[ (
m
b

G 2 = m 2 2 0 + b 2 2

= B 2 + mb A + mk B

Fm
G2

B = GFm2 m 2 0

= 0 + b 2 2
2

[m (
2

Fm 2
G4

B = FGm sin

= A2 + B 2

cos

m 2 0 2
b

Fm
G2

=A

B
A

Fm
G

=A

= tan

 "

'

-90-

'

) (sin t cos cos t sin ) = FG sin(t

m

Fm
G

=x

,
- "
) .( t = 0 -
, .

:

t
)sin (t ) + Ae 2 m cos( t
b

Fm
G

=x

x -
) 0 + mk x = 0 :

dx
dt

.( ddt 2x + mb
2

, , , .
A - . , ,
0 - . ,
.
,
. G . 0 -
)( . k 0 , G 0
. :

G 2 = m 2 2 2 0 2 + 2b 2 = 0
2

:
b - , .

d
d

2 = 0 2 2bm
2

 "

-91-

'
'

.
, ,
,
. ,
.
16-
. ,
.
16 - .
)
1609" ( . , ,
:

) (.
) (.
.
) (.


. , .

.

m1 m2 - " :

F = G mr1m2 2

 "

'

-92-

'

r G - .
.
r
r
1 2 , F21 = G mr1m22 r12 r12
12

1 2r12-

G = 6.6720 10 11 Nm "

kg 2
2

Cavandish 1798 : .
M m
. .

.- ,
.
, . G

-
,
, .

.

r , t , t << r -
P . m

r sin

. + d -
. d P
.
dV = 2tr sin r d r d t , 2r sin - .
dM = dV = 2tr 2 sin d P:
dF = G mdM
cos = 2Gtmr 2 sin x2d cos
x2
R = x sin + r cos

R - P ,:

R r cos
x

:
, :

)(1

= cos

x 2 = R 2 + r 2 2 Rr cos

 "

'

-93-

'

:
R2 r 2 + x2
2 Rx

=)

R2 +r 2 x2
2R

= r cos

(R

= sin

R 2 +r 2 x 2
2R

1
x

2 xdx = 2 Rr sin d

(1)-

+ 1 dx

R 2 r 2
x2

= GtR2mr

2 xdx R 2 r 2 + x 2
2 Rx
2 rRx 2

dF = 2Gtmr 2

:
=

R+r

Rr

+x

r 2
x

+ 1 dx = GtR2mr R

R +r

R2 r 2
x2

Gtmr
R2

Rr

=F

= = GtR2mr RR +rr + R + r + RR rr R + r
2

= GtR2mr ( R + r + R + r R + r ) = G (4rRt2 )m = G Mm
R2
2

M = 4r 2 t .
. , , R < r x
r R r + R - x .
:

= ( R + r + r + R R r r + R ) = 0

r+R

+x

R2 r 2
x

r+R

+ 1 dx =

R 2 r 2
x2

r R

r R

. F = 0 , .
,
G mdM dM ,"
.
R2
. G Mm

R2
.
? r > R

) R ( ,
r < R . - ,
:

F = G MR2 m

M :

M = 43 R 3

F = 43 GRR2m = 43 GRm = kR
3

. R - , , ,
m ,

4
3

k
m

 "

'

-94-

'

3
G

=
Nm 2
kg 2

4 2 3
4 G

G = 6.67 10 11
kg
m3

= 5064s = 84.8 min

= 5.51 10 3

3
6.67 10 11 5.5110 3

=T

, ,

= gm

:
R .:

GnM
R2

=F

GM
R2

=g

g , ,

) = 5.96 10 24 kg
2

9.8 6.3710 6
11

6.6710

gR 2
G

=M

:
kg
m3

= 5.5 103

M
5.96 10 24
=
3
4
6
4
3 R
3 6.37 10

,
,

kg
m3

. 7.9 10 3

.
5 10 9 1909 .Eotvos
:
,
r
, g
r
, . g
r
, mg - ,
r
. g
,
.

 "

'

-95-

'

g , , R g -
. , R , 10km = 1.57 10 3 -

g = 0.031 sm2

10
6370

= 2 rr = 3.14 10 3

g
g

.
g
. -
. 21km g.

r
r2

r
r2

r
= 1r

U (r ) = GmM
r

, , r = - r
, .
, M :
= GM
r
2
1
GmM
r + 2 mv = E

) U (r
m

= ) V (r

U + K = E = const

m
, . M
,
, . , E = 0
U = 0 K . 0:
R . :
:

2 GM
R

2
1
GmM
= v
R + 2 mv = 0

= gR

GM
R

g = GM
R2

v = 2 gR = 2 9.8 6.37 10 6 = 11200 ms = 11.2 kms

, ,
, , , . ,
. , ,
) - ( . , .

 "

'

-96-

'

.
= m 2 r

2 = GM
r

:
,

mv 2
r

GmM
r2

= T T 2 . r 3 -

- .
, .
:
K = GmM
2r

GmM
= GmM
r
2r

GmM
2r

E = 12 mv 2 GmM
= 12 m 2 r 2 GmM
=
r
r

,
.
. ,
.
.

M . m
. G Mm
, , m r
r2

= G Mr 2 r :

r
F
m

r
= . g .

M
.

-
, r -
:
:
:
, :

mv 2 + U (r ) = E

1
2

r
v = r&r + r&
mr& 2 + 12 mr 2& 2 + U (r ) = E

&

&dr
d

1
2

= &r

 "

'

-97-

'

)) 2 ( E U ( r
m

)(1

= + r 2 & 2

dr 2
d

([

&L = mr 2

, :

= &

L
mr 2

:
) (1:

) ) 2 ( E U ( r
m

)(2

L2
m2r 4

+ r2

dr 2
d

([

) r ( .
y

L , m , E . G
r
2

+ by 2 = 1

x2
a2

r , - r

. , a
.

b2 = a2 1 2
( r cos + a )2

)
+ a(r2sin
(1 2 ) = 1
2

) ()
) (
) r cos + 2ra cos (1 ) + a (1 ) = a (1
(1 cos ) + 2ra cos (1 ) a (1 ) = 0
cos 2 + 2r cos a + a 2 2 1 2 + r 2 sin 2 = a 2 1 2

2
) 1 cos
) a (1 2
= a (11 2)(cos
=
2
1
+ cos

a 1 2 cos 2 cos 2 +1 2 cos 2

1 2 cos 2

2
cos = 1 a (1r ) 1

) = 1 + cos

) dr = sin
d

(r

r2
r2

=r

a 1 2
r

a 1 2
r2

( ddr )2 = ra (1sin )
2

2 2

)) 2 ( E U ( r
m

) (2:

) 2 a (1 ) + 1
r

a 2 1 2
r2

4 2
2

= + mL2 r 2

2 L2 sin 2

2 2

m a 1
2 2

sin 2 = 1 cos 2 = 1 12

, r , r12

1
r

r - .

1
r2

2
2 2
2
L 2 (1 2 )2 + mL 2 = 0

m 1

 "

'

-98-

'

1
r

= 2GM

2U ( r )r
m

=) (
) (1

L2 2 a 1 2

2 2

2 2

m a

L2 = GMm 2 a 1 2

, a .
r :-

) E = 2 ma 2L(1 2
2

2E
m

= ( 1)L
) m a (1
2

2 2

2 2

E = GMm
2a

L2 ,:

1 2 = 2 maL 2 E
2

, EL :-

= 2m dA
dt

,:

d
dt

L = mr 2

A " .
LT
2m

A = ab = a 2 1 2

T . :
:

= dt

L
2m

dA
dt

2
2
= GMm4 ma(21 ) T 2

L2T 2
4 m2

= ) 2 a 4 (1 2

2 a 3 = 14 GMT 2

.
. > 1
. ) = 1 ( 0 .